Bubble study - Revision history

Danbot: Add verified PubMed references (PMIDs 34756394)

2026-03-22T11:00:19Z

Add verified PubMed references (PMIDs 34756394)

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:00, 22 March 2026
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	==Diagnostics==		==Diagnostics==
	*Contrast echocardiography (Bubble Study): After obtaining optimal visualization of atrial septum on TTE or TEE, a bolus of agitated saline is injected to an antecubital vein. Subsequently, microbubbles appear in the right atrium. The study is positive for PFO if microbubbles appear in left atrium within 3 cardiac cycles of their appearance in the right atrium. Valsalva increases right atrial pressure and facilitates		*Contrast echocardiography (Bubble Study): After obtaining optimal visualization of atrial septum on TTE or TEE, a bolus of agitated saline is injected to an antecubital vein. Subsequently, microbubbles appear in the right atrium. The study is positive for PFO if microbubbles appear in left atrium within 3 cardiac cycles of their appearance in the right atrium. Valsalva increases right atrial pressure and facilitates<ref>Bernard S, et al. Agitated Saline Contrast Echocardiography in the Identification of Intra- and Extracardiac Shunts: Connecting the Dots. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020 Oct 23. PMID 34756394</ref>
	*2D TEE with contrast provides superior visualization and is therefore preferred for detecting PFO. When clinically indicated, 2D TEE with contrast is strongly recommended if transthoracic echo is negative.		*2D TEE with contrast provides superior visualization and is therefore preferred for detecting PFO. When clinically indicated, 2D TEE with contrast is strongly recommended if transthoracic echo is negative.

Rossdonaldson1 at 20:16, 4 July 2016

2016-07-04T20:16:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:16, 4 July 2016
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	==Background==		==Background==
	A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a flaplike opening between the atrial septa primum and secundum at the location of the fossa ovalis that persists after 1 year of age. With increasing evidence being found that PFO is the culprit in paradoxical embolic events, the relative importance of the anomaly is being reevaluated.		A [[patent foramen ovale]] (PFO) is a flaplike opening between the atrial septa primum and secundum at the location of the fossa ovalis that persists after 1 year of age. With increasing evidence being found that PFO is the culprit in paradoxical embolic events, the relative importance of the anomaly is being reevaluated.

	==Diagnostics==		==Diagnostics==

Rossdonaldson1 at 11:10, 11 May 2016

2016-05-11T11:10:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:10, 11 May 2016
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	==References==		==References==
	emedicine.Medscape.com		emedicine.Medscape.com

			[[Category:Cardiology]]

Janelim: references

2016-02-08T23:33:50Z

references

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:33, 8 February 2016
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	*Contrast echocardiography (Bubble Study): After obtaining optimal visualization of atrial septum on TTE or TEE, a bolus of agitated saline is injected to an antecubital vein. Subsequently, microbubbles appear in the right atrium. The study is positive for PFO if microbubbles appear in left atrium within 3 cardiac cycles of their appearance in the right atrium. Valsalva increases right atrial pressure and facilitates		*Contrast echocardiography (Bubble Study): After obtaining optimal visualization of atrial septum on TTE or TEE, a bolus of agitated saline is injected to an antecubital vein. Subsequently, microbubbles appear in the right atrium. The study is positive for PFO if microbubbles appear in left atrium within 3 cardiac cycles of their appearance in the right atrium. Valsalva increases right atrial pressure and facilitates
	*2D TEE with contrast provides superior visualization and is therefore preferred for detecting PFO. When clinically indicated, 2D TEE with contrast is strongly recommended if transthoracic echo is negative.		*2D TEE with contrast provides superior visualization and is therefore preferred for detecting PFO. When clinically indicated, 2D TEE with contrast is strongly recommended if transthoracic echo is negative.

			==References==
			emedicine.Medscape.com

Janelim: bubble study

2016-02-08T23:32:53Z

bubble study

New page

==Background==
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a flaplike opening between the atrial septa primum and secundum at the location of the fossa ovalis that persists after 1 year of age. With increasing evidence being found that PFO is the culprit in paradoxical embolic events, the relative importance of the anomaly is being reevaluated.

==Diagnostics==
*Contrast echocardiography (Bubble Study): After obtaining optimal visualization of atrial septum on TTE or TEE, a bolus of agitated saline is injected to an antecubital vein. Subsequently, microbubbles appear in the right atrium. The study is positive for PFO if microbubbles appear in left atrium within 3 cardiac cycles of their appearance in the right atrium. Valsalva increases right atrial pressure and facilitates
*2D TEE with contrast provides superior visualization and is therefore preferred for detecting PFO. When clinically indicated, 2D TEE with contrast is strongly recommended if transthoracic echo is negative.