Liver function tests - Revision history

Danbot: Strip excess bold

2026-03-22T09:30:05Z

Strip excess bold

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	===Normal Values===		===Normal Values===

	*~~'''~~ALT~~'''~~: 7 - 55 U/L		*ALT: 7 - 55 U/L
	*~~'''~~AST~~'''~~: 8 - 48 U/L		*AST: 8 - 48 U/L
	*~~'''~~Alk Phos~~'''~~: 45 - 115 U/L		*Alk Phos: 45 - 115 U/L
	*~~'''~~Albumin~~'''~~: 3.5 to 5.0 g/dL		*Albumin: 3.5 to 5.0 g/dL
	*~~'''~~Total protein~~'''~~: 6.3 - 7.9 g/dL		*Total protein: 6.3 - 7.9 g/dL
	*~~'''~~Bilirubin~~'''~~: 0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL		*Bilirubin: 0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL
	*~~'''~~GGT~~'''~~: 9 - 48 U/L		*GGT: 9 - 48 U/L
	*~~'''~~LDH~~'''~~: 122 - 222 U/L		*LDH: 122 - 222 U/L
	*~~'''~~PT~~'''~~: 11 - 14 seconds		*PT: 11 - 14 seconds
	*~~'''~~PTT~~'''~~: 25 - 35 seconds		*PTT: 25 - 35 seconds
	*~~'''~~INR~~'''~~: 0.8 - 1.2		*INR: 0.8 - 1.2

Danbot: Add Category:Labs

2026-03-22T06:44:02Z

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	[[Category:GI]]		[[Category:GI]]
			[[Category:Labs]]
	</translate>		</translate>

Ostermayer: Prepared the page for translation

2026-01-04T23:18:04Z

Prepared the page for translation

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:18, 4 January 2026
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			<languages/>
			<translate>

	==Background==		==Background==


	===Normal Values===		===Normal Values===

	*'''ALT''': 7 - 55 U/L		*'''ALT''': 7 - 55 U/L
	*'''AST''': 8 - 48 U/L		*'''AST''': 8 - 48 U/L
Line 13:		Line 18:
	*'''PTT''': 25 - 35 seconds		*'''PTT''': 25 - 35 seconds
	*'''INR''': 0.8 - 1.2		*'''INR''': 0.8 - 1.2


	==Albumin / Total Protein==		==Albumin / Total Protein==
Line 21:		Line 27:

	==Aminotransferases (ALT/AST)==		==Aminotransferases (ALT/AST)==

	*Elevation is associated with liver damage		*Elevation is associated with liver damage
	*Elevations in AST >> ALT suggest liver damage from alcoholism (i.e. [[alcoholic hepatitis]])		*Elevations in AST >> ALT suggest liver damage from alcoholism (i.e. [[Special:MyLanguage/alcoholic hepatitis\|alcoholic hepatitis]])
	*Elevations in ALT >> AST suggest liver damage from another etiology (i.e. infectious [[hepatitis]])		*Elevations in ALT >> AST suggest liver damage from another etiology (i.e. infectious [[Special:MyLanguage/hepatitis\|hepatitis]])


	==Alkaline Phosphatase==		==Alkaline Phosphatase==

	*Predominantly found in the liver, bile ducts, kidney, and bones		*Predominantly found in the liver, bile ducts, kidney, and bones
	*Because of its abundant production in biliary duct tissue, elevation reflects a problem with biliary stasis or obstruction		*Because of its abundant production in biliary duct tissue, elevation reflects a problem with biliary stasis or obstruction
	**Elevation may also occur in patients with increased bone turnover (e.g. 2/2 puberty, osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, etc.)		**Elevation may also occur in patients with increased bone turnover (e.g. 2/2 puberty, osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, etc.)


	==Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT)==		==Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT)==

	*Like alkaline phosphatase, also found in abundance in the liver and bile ducts (also spleen, heart, and brain)		*Like alkaline phosphatase, also found in abundance in the liver and bile ducts (also spleen, heart, and brain)
	*Elevation in conjunction with an elevation in alkaline phosphatase, suggests [[biliary disease\|biliary stasis/obstruction]]		*Elevation in conjunction with an elevation in alkaline phosphatase, suggests [[Special:MyLanguage/biliary disease\|biliary stasis/obstruction]]


	==Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)==		==Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)==

	*Found in most body tissues		*Found in most body tissues
	*Elevation can occur as a result of cellular rupture (different isozymes can specify tissue type involved)		*Elevation can occur as a result of cellular rupture (different isozymes can specify tissue type involved)
	**Cardiac - Demand ischemia, [[myocarditis]]		**Cardiac - Demand ischemia, [[Special:MyLanguage/myocarditis\|myocarditis]]
	**Pulmonary - [[pulmonary embolism]]		**Pulmonary - [[Special:MyLanguage/pulmonary embolism\|pulmonary embolism]]
	**GI - hepatitis, small or large bowel obstruction		**GI - hepatitis, small or large bowel obstruction
	**Hematologic - [[hemolytic anemia\|hemolytic]] process, ineffective erethropoiesis		**Hematologic - [[Special:MyLanguage/hemolytic anemia\|hemolytic]] process, ineffective erethropoiesis
	**Other - pregnancy, cancer, infection, systemic autoimmune disorders		**Other - pregnancy, cancer, infection, systemic autoimmune disorders


	==See Also==		==See Also==


	==External Links==		==External Links==

	*[http://lifeinthefastlane.com/investigations/liver-function-tests/ LITFL LFTs]		*[http://lifeinthefastlane.com/investigations/liver-function-tests/ LITFL LFTs]
	*[http://www.mdcalc.com/meld-score-model-for-end-stage-liver-disease-12-and-older/ MDCalc - MELD Score]		*[http://www.mdcalc.com/meld-score-model-for-end-stage-liver-disease-12-and-older/ MDCalc - MELD Score]


	==References==		==References==

	<references/>		<references/>

	[[Category:GI]]		[[Category:GI]]
			</translate>

Elcatracho: /* See Also */

2021-02-21T02:05:55Z

ClaireLewis at 21:47, 26 December 2016

2016-12-26T21:47:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:47, 26 December 2016
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	==Aminotransferases (ALT/AST)==		==Aminotransferases (ALT/AST)==
	*Elevation is associated with liver damage		*Elevation is associated with liver damage
	*Elevations in AST >> ALT suggest liver damage from alcoholism (i.e. alcoholic hepatitis)		*Elevations in AST >> ALT suggest liver damage from alcoholism (i.e. [[alcoholic hepatitis]])
	*Elevations in ALT >> AST suggest liver damage from another etiology (i.e. infectious hepatitis)		*Elevations in ALT >> AST suggest liver damage from another etiology (i.e. infectious [[hepatitis]])

	==Alkaline Phosphatase==		==Alkaline Phosphatase==
Line 32:		Line 32:
	==Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT)==		==Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT)==
	*Like alkaline phosphatase, also found in abundance in the liver and bile ducts (also spleen, heart, and brain)		*Like alkaline phosphatase, also found in abundance in the liver and bile ducts (also spleen, heart, and brain)
	*Elevation in conjunction with an elevation in alkaline phosphatase, suggests biliary stasis/obstruction		*Elevation in conjunction with an elevation in alkaline phosphatase, suggests [[biliary disease\|biliary stasis/obstruction]]

	==Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)==		==Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)==
	*Found in most body tissues		*Found in most body tissues
	*Elevation can occur as a result of cellular rupture (different isozymes can specify tissue type involved)		*Elevation can occur as a result of cellular rupture (different isozymes can specify tissue type involved)
	**Cardiac - Demand ischemia, myocarditis		**Cardiac - Demand ischemia, [[myocarditis]]
	**Pulmonary - pulmonary embolism		**Pulmonary - [[pulmonary embolism]]
	**GI - hepatitis, small or large bowel obstruction		**GI - hepatitis, small or large bowel obstruction
	**Hematologic - hemolytic process, ineffective erethropoiesis		**Hematologic - [[hemolytic anemia\|hemolytic]] process, ineffective erethropoiesis
	**Other - pregnancy, cancer, infection, systemic autoimmune disorders		**Other - pregnancy, cancer, infection, systemic autoimmune disorders

Neil.m.young: Text replacement - "* " to "*"

2016-10-27T17:17:23Z

Text replacement - "* " to "*"

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:17, 27 October 2016
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	*Found in most body tissues		*Found in most body tissues
	*Elevation can occur as a result of cellular rupture (different isozymes can specify tissue type involved)		*Elevation can occur as a result of cellular rupture (different isozymes can specify tissue type involved)
	** Cardiac - Demand ischemia, myocarditis		**Cardiac - Demand ischemia, myocarditis
	** Pulmonary - pulmonary embolism		**Pulmonary - pulmonary embolism
	** GI - hepatitis, small or large bowel obstruction		**GI - hepatitis, small or large bowel obstruction
	** Hematologic - hemolytic process, ineffective erethropoiesis		**Hematologic - hemolytic process, ineffective erethropoiesis
	** Other - pregnancy, cancer, infection, systemic autoimmune disorders		**Other - pregnancy, cancer, infection, systemic autoimmune disorders

	==See Also==		==See Also==

Neil.m.young at 13:01, 4 September 2016

2016-09-04T13:01:51Z

AnthonyLucero: added infromation of ast to alt ratio

2016-09-03T02:39:48Z

added infromation of ast to alt ratio

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:39, 3 September 2016
Line 21:		Line 21:

	==Aminotransferases (ALT/AST)==		==Aminotransferases (ALT/AST)==
	*Elevation is associated with liver damage		*Elevation is associated with liver damage<br />
			*Elevations in AST >> ALT suggest liver damage from alcoholism (i.e. alcoholic hepatitis)
			*Elevations in ALT >> AST suggest liver damage from another etiology (i.e. infectious hepatitis)

	==Alkaline Phosphatase==		==Alkaline Phosphatase==

Mholtz at 00:13, 2 September 2016

2016-09-02T00:13:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:13, 2 September 2016
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	*'''PTT''': 25 - 35 seconds		*'''PTT''': 25 - 35 seconds
	*'''INR''': 0.8 - 1.2		*'''INR''': 0.8 - 1.2

			==Albumin / Total Protein==


			==Bilirubin==


	==Aminotransferases (ALT/AST)==		==Aminotransferases (ALT/AST)==

Mholtz at 00:12, 2 September 2016

2016-09-02T00:12:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:12, 2 September 2016
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	==Background==		==Background==
	A liver function test is a group of blood tests that, when evaluated as a whole, allow the clinician to determine if there is any damage to the liver, determine if that damage is acute or chronic, and determine if there is hepatobiliary stasis for any reason. The essential components of an LFT includes liver transaminases (AST, ALT), which are surrogates markers of liver health, coagulation studies (PT, PTT, INR), albumin, total protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and liver enzymes GGT and Alkaline Phosphatase which, in conjunction with direct and total bilirubin, are surrogate markers of biliary patency and function.

	==~~Aminotransferases~~==		===Normal Values===
	==~~=Alanine aminotransferase (~~ALT~~)===~~		*'''ALT''': 7 - 55 U/L
	*~~the function of ALT is to catalyze the transfer of an amino group from alanine to alpha~~-~~ketoglutarate, which reversibly produces pyruvate and~~ L-~~glutamate~~. ~~As pyruvate is a glycolysis intermediate, and glutamate is a Krebs cycle intermediate, ALT is an essential enzyme in controlling catabolism~~/~~anabolism through the production or break down of amino and keto~~-~~acids into and~~/~~or from essential intermediates of cellular respiration~~. ~~As will be discussed below, it~~'~~s elevation, in conjunction with an elevation in AST, may suggest different types of hepatocellular injury~~.		*'''AST''': 8 - 48 U/L
			*'''Alk Phos''': 45 - 115 U/L
			*'''Albumin''': 3.5 to 5.0 g/dL
			*'''Total protein''': 6.3 - 7.9 g/dL
			*'''Bilirubin''': 0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL
			*'''GGT''': 9 - 48 U/L
			*'''LDH''': 122 - 222 U/L
			*'''PT''': 11 - 14 seconds
			*'''PTT''': 25 - 35 seconds
			*'''INR''': 0.8 - 1.2

	==~~=Aspartate aminotransferase~~ (AST)===		==Aminotransferases (ALT/AST)==
	*the function of AST is to catalyze the transfer of an amino group from aspartate to alpha-ketogluterate, which reversibly produces oxaloacetate and glutamate.		*Elevation is associated with liver damage
	*~~Oxaloacetate is yet another Kreb's cycle intermediate, thus AST~~ is ~~also an important enzyme in catabolism/anabolism similar to ALT.~~

	==Alkaline Phosphatase==		==Alkaline Phosphatase==
			*Predominantly found in the liver, bile ducts, kidney, and bones.
			*Because of its abundant production in biliary duct tissue, elevation reflects a problem with biliary stasis or obstruction
			**Elevation may also occur in patients with increased bone turnover (e.g. 2/2 puberty, osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, etc.)

	This enzyme is responsible for removing phosphate groups off of proteins and nucleotydes throughout the body. It is predominantly found in the liver, bile ducts, kidney, and bones. Because of its abundant production in biliary duct tissue, it's elevation reflects a problem with stasis or obstruction to bile, however false positivity may occur in patients with increased bone turnover (puberty, osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, etc.). Therefore, alkaline phosphatase should always be interpreted in conjunction with other LFTs.		==Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT)==
			*Like alkaline phosphatase, also found in abundance in the liver and bile ducts (also spleen, heart, and brain)
	==Gamma-glutamyl Transferase==		*Elevation in conjunction with an elevation in alkaline phosphatase, suggests biliary stasis/obstruction.

	~~This enzyme reversibly transfers gamma-glutamyl groups from the antioxidant gluathione to create glutamate.~~ Like alkaline phosphatase, ~~it is~~ also found in abundance in the liver and bile ducts (~~among other organs, including the~~ spleen, heart, and brain)~~. Therefore it's elevation,~~ in conjunction with an elevation in alkaline phosphatase suggests biliary stasis/obstruction.

	==Lactate Dehydrogenase==		==Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)==
	~~This enzyme reversibly catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvic acid. Although it is found~~ in ~~cells throughout the~~ body~~, it is commonly obtained as part of LFTs. An elevation in LDH~~ can occur as a result of cellular rupture, ~~the reasons for which are described below:~~		*Found in most body tissues
			*Elevation can occur as a result of cellular rupture (different isozymes can specify tissue type involved)
			** Cardiac - Demand ischemia, myocarditis
			** Pulmonary - pulmonary embolism
			** GI - hepatitis, small or large bowel obstruction
			** Hematologic - hemolytic process, ineffective erethropoiesis
			** Other - pregnancy, cancer, infection, systemic autoimmune disorders

	* Cardiac - Demand ischemia, myocarditis
	* Pulmonary - pulmonary embolism
	* GI - hepatitis, small or large bowel obstruction
	* Hematologic - hemolytic process, ineffective erethropoiesis
	* Other - pregnancy, cancer, infection, systemic autoimmune disorders

	~~===Normal Values===~~
	*ALT: 7 - 55 U/L
	*AST: 8 - 48 U/L
	*Alk Phos: 45 - 115 U/L
	*Albumin: 3.5 to 5.0 g/dL
	*Total protein: 6.3 - 7.9 g/dL
	*Bilirubin: 0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL
	*GGT: 9 - 48 U/L
	*LD: 122 - 222 U/L
	*PT: 11 - 14 seconds
	*PTT: 25 - 35 seconds
	*INR: 0.8 - 1.2

	~~==Interpretation==~~
	==See Also==		==See Also==
	*[http://lifeinthefastlane.com/investigations/liver-function-tests/ LITFL LFTs]		*[http://lifeinthefastlane.com/investigations/liver-function-tests/ LITFL LFTs]
	*[http://www.mdcalc.com/meld-score-model-for-end-stage-liver-disease-12-and-older/ MDCalc - MELD Score]		*[http://www.mdcalc.com/meld-score-model-for-end-stage-liver-disease-12-and-older/ MDCalc - MELD Score]

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

	[[Category:GI]]		[[Category:GI]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:05, 21 February 2021
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	==See Also==		==See Also==

			==External Links==
	*[http://lifeinthefastlane.com/investigations/liver-function-tests/ LITFL LFTs]		*[http://lifeinthefastlane.com/investigations/liver-function-tests/ LITFL LFTs]
	*[http://www.mdcalc.com/meld-score-model-for-end-stage-liver-disease-12-and-older/ MDCalc - MELD Score]		*[http://www.mdcalc.com/meld-score-model-for-end-stage-liver-disease-12-and-older/ MDCalc - MELD Score]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:01, 4 September 2016
Line 21:		Line 21:

	==Aminotransferases (ALT/AST)==		==Aminotransferases (ALT/AST)==
	*Elevation is associated with liver damage~~<br />~~		*Elevation is associated with liver damage
	*Elevations in AST >> ALT suggest liver damage from alcoholism (i.e. alcoholic hepatitis)		*Elevations in AST >> ALT suggest liver damage from alcoholism (i.e. alcoholic hepatitis)
	*Elevations in ALT >> AST suggest liver damage from another etiology (i.e. infectious hepatitis)		*Elevations in ALT >> AST suggest liver damage from another etiology (i.e. infectious hepatitis)

	==Alkaline Phosphatase==		==Alkaline Phosphatase==
	*Predominantly found in the liver, bile ducts, kidney, and bones.		*Predominantly found in the liver, bile ducts, kidney, and bones
	*Because of its abundant production in biliary duct tissue, elevation reflects a problem with biliary stasis or obstruction		*Because of its abundant production in biliary duct tissue, elevation reflects a problem with biliary stasis or obstruction
	**Elevation may also occur in patients with increased bone turnover (e.g. 2/2 puberty, osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, etc.)		**Elevation may also occur in patients with increased bone turnover (e.g. 2/2 puberty, osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, etc.)
Line 32:		Line 32:
	==Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT)==		==Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT)==
	*Like alkaline phosphatase, also found in abundance in the liver and bile ducts (also spleen, heart, and brain)		*Like alkaline phosphatase, also found in abundance in the liver and bile ducts (also spleen, heart, and brain)
	*Elevation in conjunction with an elevation in alkaline phosphatase, suggests biliary stasis/obstruction.		*Elevation in conjunction with an elevation in alkaline phosphatase, suggests biliary stasis/obstruction

	==Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)==		==Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)==