Pacemaker complication: Difference between revisions
 
(54 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
==Nomenclature==
==Background==
*Position I
*All [[ICD]]s are also pacemakers (i.e. have pacing functionality), but not all pacemakers are ICDs (i.e. do not have shocking functionality)
**Chamber paced (A, V, or D (dual))
*Position II
**Chamber sensed
*Position III
**Response after Sensing
***I = inhibited
***T = triggered
***D = Dual
*Position IV
**Programmability
***P = rate & output
***M = multiprogramable
***C = communicating
***R = rate adaptive
***O = none
*Position V
**Arrhythmia Control
***P = pacing
***S = shock
***D = dual (P+S)  
***O = none


==Indications==
===Nomenclature===
#Sinus Node Dysfunction-sinus bradycardia/arrest, sinoatrial block, chronotropic incompetence, a-fib.  
[[File:paced.gif|thumb|Paced rhythm with characteristic wide LBBB and pacer spikes]]
#Acquired AV block- 3rd degree block and 2nd degree type II
[[File:xray-pacemaker.jpg|thumb|PA Xray with pacemaker]]
#Chronic Bifascicular or Trifascicular block
[[File:a-sense-v-pace-ecg.jpg|thumb|Atrial Sensed Ventricular Paced ECG]]
#After Acute MI-high mortality with persistent AV block post MI
[[File:pacer.jpg|thumb|Pacer type based on Xray]]
#Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy- Conduction delay (>150msec w/ mortality benefit) in chronic systolic heart failure further decreases EF, increases remodeling and increased MR.
{| class="wikitable"
#Neurocardiogenic Syncope and Carotid Sinus Syndrome
! I || II || III || IV || V
|-
|+Generic code for pacing modes<ref>Bernstein AD. et al. The revised NASPE/BPEG generic code for antibradycardia, adaptive-rate, and multisite pacing. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology/British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002 Feb; 25(2) 260-4. lmid:11916002</ref>
| Chamber(s) paced  || Chamber(s) sensed || Response to sensing || Rate modulation || Multisite pacing
|-
| O = None || O = None || O = None || O = None || O = None
|-
| A = Atrium || A = Atrium || T = Triggered || R = Rate modulation || A = Atrium
|-  
| V = Ventricle || V = Ventricle || I = Inhibited || || V = Ventricle
|-
| D = Dual (A+V) || D = Dual (A+V) || D = Dual (T+I) || || D = Dual (A+V)
|-
|}


===Indications===
*Sinus Node Dysfunction-sinus bradycardia/arrest, sinoatrial block, chronotropic incompetence, a-fib.
*Acquired AV block- 3rd degree block and 2nd degree type II
*Chronic Bifascicular or Trifascicular block
*After Acute MI-high mortality with persistent AV block post MI
*Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy- Conduction delay (>150msec with mortality benefit) in chronic systolic heart failure further decreases EF, increases remodeling and increased MR.
*Neurocardiogenic Syncope and Carotid Sinus Syndrome


==Expected ECG Patterns==
===Lead Location===
#Absence of pacer artifact indicates intrinsic depolarization
*Atrial
#Pacing artifacts preceding depolarizations indicate successful pacing and capture
**Right Atrial Appendage
#Leads in RV apex produce LBBB pattern with appropriate discordance
**Lateral RA wall
#New RBBB pattern may indicate lead in LV
*Right Ventricle
#Simulataneous depol of ventricles produces dominant R wave in V1
**Apex
**Septum
*Left Ventricle (most commonly placed for cardiomyopathy or CHF)
**Coronary veins along external LV wall via coronary sinus
**Rarely, externally placed electrode during open surgical procedure


==Methods to Identify Manufacturer==
===Additional Pacemaker Functions===
#Patient most often has a pocket card indicating manufacturer
*Can record rhythm strips of AF, VT, and VF episodes for later review
#Magnet types are specific to each model so use magnets to deactivate pulse generator
*Keeps track of % of paced vs intrinsic beats
#Manufactuer Hotline has patient database
*Keeps a rate histogram, as well as % of time spent in AF
##Medtronic Inc. (1-800-328-2518)
##St. Jude Medical Inc. (1-800-722-3774)
#Manufactuer code on pulse generator is visible on Chest Xray


==Plain Film Findings==
===Methods to Identify Manufacturer===
#Obtain PA/Lateral Films to confirm pulse generator, manufacturer, lead placement/number/integrity
*Patient most often has a pocket card indicating manufacturer
#R atrial lead J shaped(tip medially on AP) entering right atrial appendage
*Manufacturer Hotline has patient database
#RV leads point downward with tip between left spine and cardiac apex--lateral XR shows inferior and anterior
**Medtronic Inc. (1-800-328-2518)
#Coronary sinus lead- courses posteriorly on lateral XR
**St. Jude Medical Inc. (recently acquired by Abbott, Inc.) (1-800-722-3774)
#Extra leads may be appropriately abandoned and capped
**Boston Scientific Inc. (1-800-227-3422)
#ICD component appears as thickened shock coil
*Magnet mode - with placement of a magnet over the device, the mode changes to asynchronous (i.e. DOO or VOO). Each brand has slightly different rates
**Medtronic Inc.: 85 bpm; 65 bpm when battery is ready for replacement
==Pacemaker Malfunction==
**St. Jude Medical Inc.: 98.6 bpm; 86.3 bpm when battery is ready for replacement
===Problems with pocket===
**Boston Scientific Inc.: 100 bpm; 85 bpm when battery is ready for replacement
#Infection
*Manufacturer code on pulse generator is visible on Chest Xray
##Most commonly Staphylococcus aureus or S. epidermidis
#Hematoma
##Typically occurs shortly after placement


===Problems with leads===
===Electromagnetic Interference===
#Lead separation
*Nonmedical
#Lead dislodgment may cause thrombosis or myocardial rupture
**Cell phones: do not interact with device
#Lead infection can cause severe sepsis
**Airport security: may trigger alarm, no alteration of activity
#Leads can cause tricuspid regurg, dx w/ TTE
*Medical Sources
**[[MRI contraindications|MRI]]: mostly safe, consult cards on device specific recs
**Cardioversion: Use AP pads >8cm from device to minimize adverse effects
**Unipolar Cautery - can cause sensing and pacing malfunction as well as reprogramming


==Failure to Capture==
==Differential Diagnosis==
#Def-delivery of pacing stimulus without depolarization
===Pacemaker Malfunction===
#Functional- myocardium in refractory state or tissue reaction around lead insensitive
====Problems with pocket====
#Pathologic- drugs, myocardial disease, lytes
*Infection
#Causes-lead dislodgement, fracture, perforation, insulation defect
**Most commonly S. aureus or S. epidermidis
**2% local wound infection; 1% sepsis/bacteremia
*Hematoma
**Typically occurs shortly after placement


==Failure to Pace==
====Problems with leads====  
#Def-failure to deliver a stimulus to the heart (w/ or w/o capture)
*Dislodgment
#Oversensing-most common cause-retrograde P’s, T’s, skeletal muscle myopotentials,
*Perforation (most commonly at RV apex)
#Crosstalk- type of oversensing-vent lead senses atrial pacing stim, and vent output inhibited
*Infection can cause severe sepsis
*Tricuspid regurgitation
*Coiling (ie: [[Twiddler's Syndrome]]) [[File:Twiddler Syndrome.png|thumb|Twiddler Syndrome after large pocket and defibrillator wires coiled around the generator]]


==Failure to Sense==
===Failure to Capture===
#Signal sensed when myocardial depol sent up leads and into pacemaker, if voltage exceeds threshold, pacing inhibited(appropriately)
*Delivery of pacing stimulus without depolarization
#Most commonly break in lead/insulation, battery
**Functional - refractory myocardium, desensitized local tissue around the lead
#Voltages of patient's intrinsic QRS complex is too low to be detected
**Medical - drugs, myocardial disease, electrolytes
#New intrinsic arrhythmia, AMI, electrolyte abnormalities, lead separation, battery depletion
**Technical - insufficient device output, lead dislodgment, fracture, insulation defect, ventricular wall perforation
*Battery of End of Life (EOL)
 
===Failure to Pace===
*Failure to deliver a stimulus to the heart
**Oversensing - most common cause: can present with symptomatic bradycardia, cause is retrograde P’s, T’s, skeletal muscle myopotentials, can be treated by placing a magnet over the pacemaker to switch to pacer mode
**Crosstalk - type of oversensing where the ventricular lead senses atrial pacing stimulus, and ventilator output inhibited
 
===Failure to Sense===
*Normal function: a sensed myocardial depolarization greater than the programmed threshold causes inhibition of pacing
*Failure to sense results in a paced beat on top of an intrinsic beat (as the device is "unaware" of the intrinsic beat")
**Voltages of patient's intrinsic QRS complex is too low to be detected
**New intrinsic arrhythmia (AF has a smaller depolarization than sinus beat), AMI, electrolyte abnormalities, lead separation, battery depletion


===Runaway Pacing===
===Runaway Pacing===
#Physiologic electrical activity (T waves, muscle potentials)
*Physiologic electrical activity (T waves, muscle potentials)
#External electromagnetic interference
*External electromagnetic interference
#Signals generated by interaction of different portions of the pacing system
*Signals generated by interaction of different portions of the pacing system
*Potentially life-threatening as it can cause V-Fib or (paradoxically) bradycardia due to failure to capture
 
===Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia===
*Also known as Endless Loop Tachycardia
*Formation of a re-entrant circuit causing inappropriate tachycardia
**Most commonly: paced ventricular beat ->  retrograde AV node conduction -> intrinsic P wave -> device reacts to intrinsic P wave by looking for intrinsic QRS, but since AV node is now refractory it delivers a paced beat at the programmed P-R interval (typically ~200-250ms), starting the process anew
*Tachycardia does not exceed programmed upper limit rate on pacemaker
 
==Evaluation==
===Work-Up===
*BMP and Mg
*[[CXR]]
*[[ECG]]
*[[Troponin]]
*Interrogation
**Each company has on-call representatives who will come interrogate a device 24/7 (phone numbers above)
**Most cath labs will have machines capable of interrogating each brand
 
===Expected ECG Patterns===
*Absence of pacer artifact indicates intrinsic depolarization
**With newer pacemakers, pacer spikes may not appear on some or all paced beats, depending on EKG machine
*Pacing artifacts preceding depolarizations indicate successful pacing and capture
*Leads in RV apex produce LBBB pattern with appropriate discordance
*New RBBB pattern may indicate lead in LV
* Bi-ventricular devices can produce paced QRS complexes that are either narrow or wide and bizarre, depending on device programming
*Simultaneous depolarization of ventricles produces dominant R wave in V1


==Work-Up==
===Plain Film Findings===
#CXR
*Obtain PA/Lateral Films to confirm pulse generator, manufacturer, lead placement/number/integrity
#ECG
*R atrial lead J shaped(tip medially on AP) entering right atrial appendage
#Troponin
*RV leads point downward with tip between left spine and cardiac apex--lateral XR shows inferior and anterior
#Interrogation
*Coronary sinus lead- courses posteriorly on lateral XR
*Extra leads may be appropriately abandoned and capped
*ICD component appears as thickened shock coil


==Management==
==Management==
#Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia- dual chamber devices-PAC or PVC trigger with pacemaker in loop. Break with adenosine or magnet.
*Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia
*Use magnet to convert pacemaker to asynchronous mode if oversensing or runaway pacing
**Break with [[adenosine]] or magnet.<ref>EB Medicine- Sept 2014- Managing Pacemaker-Related Complications and Malfunctions in the Emergency Department </ref>
***Magnet placement will stop the sensing of the retrograde-conducted P waves driving PMT; this will immediately terminate the rhythm.
***Recurrence of PMT after earlier termination means that the pacemaker settings need to be changed
**Consider chest wall stimulation techniques<ref>Barold SS, Falkoff MD, Ong LS, Heinle RA. Pacemaker endless loop tachycardia: termination by simple techniques other than magnet application. Am J Med. 1988;85(6):817-22.</ref> - transcutaneous pacing, isometric muscular exercise, precordial thump
*Electrophysiology or cardiology consult is often needed
*Contact a device representative for a full interrogation


==Electromagnetic Interference==
==Disposition==
#Nonmedical-
*Resolved Pacemaker-mediated Tachycardia without recurrence - discharge
##Cell phones- do not interact w/ device
*Infection - admission with [[MRSA]] coverage antibiotics, consult to cardiology, with likely replacement of pacemaker after 4-6 weeks of IV antibiotics
##Airport security-may trigger alarm, no alteration of activity
*Pacing/sensing/capture issue - likely admit
#Medical Sources
##MRI—mostly safe, consult cards on device specific recs
##Cardioversion- Use AP pads >8cm from device to minimize adverse effects


==Sources==
==See Also==
EB Medicine- Sept 2014- Managing Pacemaker-Related Complications and Malfunctions in the Emergency Department
*[[Medical device complications]]
*[[In-Training Exam Review]]
*[[Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator complication]]


[[Category:Cards]]
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

Latest revision as of 19:58, 29 October 2023

Background

  • All ICDs are also pacemakers (i.e. have pacing functionality), but not all pacemakers are ICDs (i.e. do not have shocking functionality)

Nomenclature

Paced rhythm with characteristic wide LBBB and pacer spikes
PA Xray with pacemaker
Atrial Sensed Ventricular Paced ECG
Pacer type based on Xray
I II III IV V
Generic code for pacing modes[1]
Chamber(s) paced Chamber(s) sensed Response to sensing Rate modulation Multisite pacing
O = None O = None O = None O = None O = None
A = Atrium A = Atrium T = Triggered R = Rate modulation A = Atrium
V = Ventricle V = Ventricle I = Inhibited V = Ventricle
D = Dual (A+V) D = Dual (A+V) D = Dual (T+I) D = Dual (A+V)

Indications

  • Sinus Node Dysfunction-sinus bradycardia/arrest, sinoatrial block, chronotropic incompetence, a-fib.
  • Acquired AV block- 3rd degree block and 2nd degree type II
  • Chronic Bifascicular or Trifascicular block
  • After Acute MI-high mortality with persistent AV block post MI
  • Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy- Conduction delay (>150msec with mortality benefit) in chronic systolic heart failure further decreases EF, increases remodeling and increased MR.
  • Neurocardiogenic Syncope and Carotid Sinus Syndrome

Lead Location

  • Atrial
    • Right Atrial Appendage
    • Lateral RA wall
  • Right Ventricle
    • Apex
    • Septum
  • Left Ventricle (most commonly placed for cardiomyopathy or CHF)
    • Coronary veins along external LV wall via coronary sinus
    • Rarely, externally placed electrode during open surgical procedure

Additional Pacemaker Functions

  • Can record rhythm strips of AF, VT, and VF episodes for later review
  • Keeps track of % of paced vs intrinsic beats
  • Keeps a rate histogram, as well as % of time spent in AF

Methods to Identify Manufacturer

  • Patient most often has a pocket card indicating manufacturer
  • Manufacturer Hotline has patient database
    • Medtronic Inc. (1-800-328-2518)
    • St. Jude Medical Inc. (recently acquired by Abbott, Inc.) (1-800-722-3774)
    • Boston Scientific Inc. (1-800-227-3422)
  • Magnet mode - with placement of a magnet over the device, the mode changes to asynchronous (i.e. DOO or VOO). Each brand has slightly different rates
    • Medtronic Inc.: 85 bpm; 65 bpm when battery is ready for replacement
    • St. Jude Medical Inc.: 98.6 bpm; 86.3 bpm when battery is ready for replacement
    • Boston Scientific Inc.: 100 bpm; 85 bpm when battery is ready for replacement
  • Manufacturer code on pulse generator is visible on Chest Xray

Electromagnetic Interference

  • Nonmedical
    • Cell phones: do not interact with device
    • Airport security: may trigger alarm, no alteration of activity
  • Medical Sources
    • MRI: mostly safe, consult cards on device specific recs
    • Cardioversion: Use AP pads >8cm from device to minimize adverse effects
    • Unipolar Cautery - can cause sensing and pacing malfunction as well as reprogramming

Differential Diagnosis

Pacemaker Malfunction

Problems with pocket

  • Infection
    • Most commonly S. aureus or S. epidermidis
    • 2% local wound infection; 1% sepsis/bacteremia
  • Hematoma
    • Typically occurs shortly after placement

Problems with leads

  • Dislodgment
  • Perforation (most commonly at RV apex)
  • Infection can cause severe sepsis
  • Tricuspid regurgitation
  • Coiling (ie: Twiddler's Syndrome)
    Twiddler Syndrome after large pocket and defibrillator wires coiled around the generator

Failure to Capture

  • Delivery of pacing stimulus without depolarization
    • Functional - refractory myocardium, desensitized local tissue around the lead
    • Medical - drugs, myocardial disease, electrolytes
    • Technical - insufficient device output, lead dislodgment, fracture, insulation defect, ventricular wall perforation
  • Battery of End of Life (EOL)

Failure to Pace

  • Failure to deliver a stimulus to the heart
    • Oversensing - most common cause: can present with symptomatic bradycardia, cause is retrograde P’s, T’s, skeletal muscle myopotentials, can be treated by placing a magnet over the pacemaker to switch to pacer mode
    • Crosstalk - type of oversensing where the ventricular lead senses atrial pacing stimulus, and ventilator output inhibited

Failure to Sense

  • Normal function: a sensed myocardial depolarization greater than the programmed threshold causes inhibition of pacing
  • Failure to sense results in a paced beat on top of an intrinsic beat (as the device is "unaware" of the intrinsic beat")
    • Voltages of patient's intrinsic QRS complex is too low to be detected
    • New intrinsic arrhythmia (AF has a smaller depolarization than sinus beat), AMI, electrolyte abnormalities, lead separation, battery depletion

Runaway Pacing

  • Physiologic electrical activity (T waves, muscle potentials)
  • External electromagnetic interference
  • Signals generated by interaction of different portions of the pacing system
  • Potentially life-threatening as it can cause V-Fib or (paradoxically) bradycardia due to failure to capture

Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia

  • Also known as Endless Loop Tachycardia
  • Formation of a re-entrant circuit causing inappropriate tachycardia
    • Most commonly: paced ventricular beat -> retrograde AV node conduction -> intrinsic P wave -> device reacts to intrinsic P wave by looking for intrinsic QRS, but since AV node is now refractory it delivers a paced beat at the programmed P-R interval (typically ~200-250ms), starting the process anew
  • Tachycardia does not exceed programmed upper limit rate on pacemaker

Evaluation

Work-Up

  • BMP and Mg
  • CXR
  • ECG
  • Troponin
  • Interrogation
    • Each company has on-call representatives who will come interrogate a device 24/7 (phone numbers above)
    • Most cath labs will have machines capable of interrogating each brand

Expected ECG Patterns

  • Absence of pacer artifact indicates intrinsic depolarization
    • With newer pacemakers, pacer spikes may not appear on some or all paced beats, depending on EKG machine
  • Pacing artifacts preceding depolarizations indicate successful pacing and capture
  • Leads in RV apex produce LBBB pattern with appropriate discordance
  • New RBBB pattern may indicate lead in LV
  • Bi-ventricular devices can produce paced QRS complexes that are either narrow or wide and bizarre, depending on device programming
  • Simultaneous depolarization of ventricles produces dominant R wave in V1

Plain Film Findings

  • Obtain PA/Lateral Films to confirm pulse generator, manufacturer, lead placement/number/integrity
  • R atrial lead J shaped(tip medially on AP) entering right atrial appendage
  • RV leads point downward with tip between left spine and cardiac apex--lateral XR shows inferior and anterior
  • Coronary sinus lead- courses posteriorly on lateral XR
  • Extra leads may be appropriately abandoned and capped
  • ICD component appears as thickened shock coil

Management

  • Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia
    • Break with adenosine or magnet.[2]
      • Magnet placement will stop the sensing of the retrograde-conducted P waves driving PMT; this will immediately terminate the rhythm.
      • Recurrence of PMT after earlier termination means that the pacemaker settings need to be changed
    • Consider chest wall stimulation techniques[3] - transcutaneous pacing, isometric muscular exercise, precordial thump
  • Electrophysiology or cardiology consult is often needed
  • Contact a device representative for a full interrogation

Disposition

  • Resolved Pacemaker-mediated Tachycardia without recurrence - discharge
  • Infection - admission with MRSA coverage antibiotics, consult to cardiology, with likely replacement of pacemaker after 4-6 weeks of IV antibiotics
  • Pacing/sensing/capture issue - likely admit

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Bernstein AD. et al. The revised NASPE/BPEG generic code for antibradycardia, adaptive-rate, and multisite pacing. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology/British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002 Feb; 25(2) 260-4. lmid:11916002
  2. ↑ EB Medicine- Sept 2014- Managing Pacemaker-Related Complications and Malfunctions in the Emergency Department
  3. ↑ Barold SS, Falkoff MD, Ong LS, Heinle RA. Pacemaker endless loop tachycardia: termination by simple techniques other than magnet application. Am J Med. 1988;85(6):817-22.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikem.org/w/index.php?title=Pacemaker_complication&oldid=371829"