Canthotomy: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
[[File: | [[File:Schematic diagram of the human eye en.png|thumb|Eye anatomy.]] | ||
*Acute [[Ocular compartment syndrome|orbital compartment syndrome]] (OCS) is a clinical diagnosis | |||
*Acute orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is a clinical diagnosis | |||
*Vision loss can be permanent after 60-100 min of ischemia<ref name="JEM" /> - do not delay procedure for imaging<ref>Mohammadi F, Rashan A, Psaltis A, et al. Intraocular Pressure Changes in Emergent Surgical Decompression of Orbital Compartment Syndrome. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015 Jun 1;141(6):562-5.</ref> | *Vision loss can be permanent after 60-100 min of ischemia<ref name="JEM" /> - do not delay procedure for imaging<ref>Mohammadi F, Rashan A, Psaltis A, et al. Intraocular Pressure Changes in Emergent Surgical Decompression of Orbital Compartment Syndrome. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015 Jun 1;141(6):562-5.</ref> | ||
===Causes<ref name="JEM">Rowh AD, Ufberg JW, Chan TC, et al. Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis: emergency management of orbital compartment syndrome. J Emerg Med. 2015 Mar;48(3):325-30.</ref> | ===Causes=== | ||
*Trauma ([[retrobulbar hematoma]]) - most common cause<ref name="JEM">Rowh AD, Ufberg JW, Chan TC, et al. Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis: emergency management of orbital compartment syndrome. J Emerg Med. 2015 Mar;48(3):325-30.</ref> | |||
*Spontaneous bleed | *Spontaneous bleed | ||
*Tumor | *Tumor | ||
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*Prolonged [[hypoxemia]] | *Prolonged [[hypoxemia]] | ||
==Indications<ref name="CJEM">McInnes G, Howes DW. Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis: a simple, vision-saving procedure. CJEM. 2002 Jan;4(1):49-52.</ref> | ==Indications== | ||
*Suspected acute orbital compartment syndrome (OCS), plus one or more of the following:<ref name="CJEM">McInnes G, Howes DW. Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis: a simple, vision-saving procedure. CJEM. 2002 Jan;4(1):49-52.</ref> | |||
**Decreased visual acuity | **Decreased visual acuity | ||
**IOP >40 '''or''' marked difference in globe compressibility by palpation | **IOP >40 '''or''' marked difference in globe compressibility by palpation | ||
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==Contraindications== | ==Contraindications== | ||
*Globe | *[[Globe rupture]] | ||
==Equipment== | ==Equipment== | ||
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*Forceps | *Forceps | ||
==Procedure<ref name="JEM" /><ref name="CJEM" /><ref name="Spec Ops">Ballard SR, Enzenauer RW, O'Donnell T, et al. Emergency lateral canthotomy and cantholysis: a simple procedure to preserve vision from sight threatening orbital hemorrhage. J Spec Oper Med. 2009 Summer;9(3):26-32.</ref> | ==Procedure== | ||
''Consider sedating patient for procedure, if time allows''<ref name="JEM" /><ref name="CJEM" /><ref name="Spec Ops">Ballard SR, Enzenauer RW, O'Donnell T, et al. Emergency lateral canthotomy and cantholysis: a simple procedure to preserve vision from sight threatening orbital hemorrhage. J Spec Oper Med. 2009 Summer;9(3):26-32.</ref> | |||
*Prep and drape the area (Irrigation with normal saline is acceptable prep given emergent nature of procedure) | *Prep and drape the area (Irrigation with normal saline is acceptable prep given emergent nature of procedure) | ||
*Inject lidocaine with epinephrine into the lateral canthus directing the needle tip toward the lateral orbital rim (away from the globe) | *Inject lidocaine with epinephrine into the lateral canthus directing the needle tip toward the lateral orbital rim (away from the globe) | ||
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*Perform inferior cantholysis - cut the inferior crus of the lateral canthus tendon (point scissors infero-posteriorally toward the lateral orbital rim, avoiding the globe) | *Perform inferior cantholysis - cut the inferior crus of the lateral canthus tendon (point scissors infero-posteriorally toward the lateral orbital rim, avoiding the globe) | ||
*Recheck IOP → if still elevated, perform superior cantholysis - cut the superior crus of the canthal tendon (some experts recommend performing both inferior and superior cantholysis at the same time, prior to re-evaluating IOP) | *Recheck IOP → if still elevated, perform superior cantholysis - cut the superior crus of the canthal tendon (some experts recommend performing both inferior and superior cantholysis at the same time, prior to re-evaluating IOP) | ||
===Signs of successful procedure=== | |||
*improved visual acuity | |||
*resolution of afferent pupillary defect | |||
*decrease in IOP to <40 mm Hg<ref>Scofi J. Lateral canthotomy. In: Shah K, Mason C, eds. Essential Emergency Procedures. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2015:(Ch) 17.</ref> | |||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
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==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
*[[Orbital Hematoma]] | *[[Orbital Hematoma]] | ||
*[[Vertical lid split procedure]] | |||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
EMRAP procedure video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgQaKVGynFA | *EMRAP procedure video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgQaKVGynFA | ||
*Review article by Murali et al: Orbital compartment syndrome: Pearls and pitfalls for the emergency physician. JACEP Open. 2021; 2:e12372. https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12372 | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Latest revision as of 14:53, 17 October 2024
Background
- Acute orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is a clinical diagnosis
- Vision loss can be permanent after 60-100 min of ischemia[1] - do not delay procedure for imaging[2]
Causes
- Trauma (retrobulbar hematoma) - most common cause[1]
- Spontaneous bleed
- Tumor
- Orbital cellulitis/abscess
- Prolonged hypoxemia
Indications
- Suspected acute orbital compartment syndrome (OCS), plus one or more of the following:[3]
- Decreased visual acuity
- IOP >40 or marked difference in globe compressibility by palpation
- Proptosis
- Secondary indications (subjective and nonspecific) - if only secondary indications are present, get emergent ophthalmology consult prior to performing canthotomy.
- Afferent pupillary defect
- Cherry red macula
- Ophthalmoplegia
- Nerve head pallor
- Significant eye pain
Contraindications
Equipment
- Betadine prep
- Sterile drape or towels
- Lidocaine with epi
- Syringe with 27-30ga needle
- Normal saline for irrigation
- Straight hemostat or needle driver
- Iris or suture scissors
- Forceps
Procedure
Consider sedating patient for procedure, if time allows[1][3][4]
- Prep and drape the area (Irrigation with normal saline is acceptable prep given emergent nature of procedure)
- Inject lidocaine with epinephrine into the lateral canthus directing the needle tip toward the lateral orbital rim (away from the globe)
- Apply hemostat to the lateral canthus from the angle of the eye to the orbital rim and clamp shut for ~1 min. (provides relative devascularization as well as a landmark for the canthotomy)
- Using scissors, incise the lateral canthus from the angle of the eyelid to the orbital rim (~1cm).
- Retract the inferior lid and bluntly dissect tissue until the canthal tendon is identified.
- Perform inferior cantholysis - cut the inferior crus of the lateral canthus tendon (point scissors infero-posteriorally toward the lateral orbital rim, avoiding the globe)
- Recheck IOP → if still elevated, perform superior cantholysis - cut the superior crus of the canthal tendon (some experts recommend performing both inferior and superior cantholysis at the same time, prior to re-evaluating IOP)
Signs of successful procedure
- improved visual acuity
- resolution of afferent pupillary defect
- decrease in IOP to <40 mm Hg[5]
Complications
- Incomplete cantholysis
- Iatrogenic globe or surrounding structure injury (rare)
- Loss of adequate lower lid suspension
- Bleeding
- Infection
See Also
External Links
- EMRAP procedure video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgQaKVGynFA
- Review article by Murali et al: Orbital compartment syndrome: Pearls and pitfalls for the emergency physician. JACEP Open. 2021; 2:e12372. https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12372
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rowh AD, Ufberg JW, Chan TC, et al. Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis: emergency management of orbital compartment syndrome. J Emerg Med. 2015 Mar;48(3):325-30.
- ↑ Mohammadi F, Rashan A, Psaltis A, et al. Intraocular Pressure Changes in Emergent Surgical Decompression of Orbital Compartment Syndrome. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015 Jun 1;141(6):562-5.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 McInnes G, Howes DW. Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis: a simple, vision-saving procedure. CJEM. 2002 Jan;4(1):49-52.
- ↑ Ballard SR, Enzenauer RW, O'Donnell T, et al. Emergency lateral canthotomy and cantholysis: a simple procedure to preserve vision from sight threatening orbital hemorrhage. J Spec Oper Med. 2009 Summer;9(3):26-32.
- ↑ Scofi J. Lateral canthotomy. In: Shah K, Mason C, eds. Essential Emergency Procedures. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2015:(Ch) 17.