Template:Winters Formula Calculator: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:50, 21 March 2026

Interactive Winters' Formula calculator for expected pCO2 in metabolic acidosis. Requires the calculator gadget. Usage: {{Winters Formula Calculator}}

Winters' Formula

Winters' Formula — Expected pCO₂
Input	Value
Serum Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) mEq/L
Results
Expected pCO₂ (low end)	mmHg
Expected pCO₂ (high end)	mmHg

Interpretation
pCO₂ in expected range	Appropriate respiratory compensation — Pure metabolic acidosis with adequate compensation.
pCO₂ > expected	Concurrent respiratory acidosis — Inadequate compensation; concurrent respiratory acidosis present.
pCO₂ < expected	Concurrent respiratory alkalosis — Overcompensation; concurrent respiratory alkalosis present.

References
Winters RW, et al. Studies of Acid Base Disturbances. J Clin Invest. 1956;35:311-318. Formula: Expected pCO₂ = 1.5 × [HCO₃⁻] + 8 (± 2) Albert MS, Dell RB, Winters RW. Quantitative displacement of acid-base equilibrium in metabolic acidosis. Ann Intern Med. 1967;66(2):312-322.

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-<noinclude>Interactive Winters' Formula calculator for expected pCO2 in metabolic acidosis. Requires the [[MediaWiki:Gadget-calculator.js|calculator gadget]].
+<noinclude>Interactive Winters' Formula calculator for expected pCO2 in [[Metabolic acidosis|metabolic acidosis]]. Requires the [[MediaWiki:Gadget-calculator.js|calculator gadget]].
 Usage: <code><nowiki>{{Winters Formula Calculator}}</nowiki></code>
 [[Category:Calculator templates]]</noinclude>
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 | style="background:#27ae60; color:white; text-align:center; width:30%; font-weight:bold;" | pCO₂ in expected range
-| '''Appropriate respiratory compensation''' — Pure metabolic acidosis with adequate compensation.
+| '''Appropriate [[Respiratory compensation|respiratory compensation]]''' — Pure metabolic acidosis with adequate compensation.
 |-
 | style="background:#e74c3c; color:white; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | pCO₂ > expected