Lysergic acid diethylamide toxicity: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 12:25, 1 June 2015
Background
d-lysergic acid diethylamide, more commonly known as LSD, was first synthesized in 1938 by the chemist Albert Hofmann in efforts to chemically create a blood stimulant.[1]In 1943, Hoffman accidently ingested LSD for the first time, discovering its hallucinagenic properties, reportedly seeing "an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopelike play of colors." LSD became very popular in the 1960's and 1970's, making it a very important part of the "counterculture" movement, encouraging participants to "turn on, tune in, drop out."
Mechanism
Serotonin like agent
Pharmacology
Known as one of the most potent psychoactive drug, doses of minimum of 25μg. Doses of 1 to 1.5 μg/kg produce psychedelic effects, with the “optimum” dosage for a typical fully unfolded LSD reaction is estimated to be in the range of 100–200 μg.
Route of administration can be PO (most common), IM, or IV.
Mode of application Dose (μg) Onset of symptoms (min) Peak effect (h)* Total duration (h)* Per os 100–250 30–45 1.0–2.5 9–12 Intramuscular 100–250 15–20 1.0 9–10 Intravenous 40–180 3–5 1.0 9–10
The acute psychological effects of LSD last between 6 and 10 h, depending on the dose applied.
Distribution
Tolerance to LSD-25 builds up over consistent use and cross-tolerance has been demonstrated between LSD, mescaline and psilocybin.
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Serotonin-Like Agents
- LSD
- Psilocybin and psilocin dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy- dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)
- Naturally occurring plants like :Hawaiian baby woodrose (Argyreia nervosa), Hawaiian woodrose (Merremia tuberosa), morning glory (Ipomoea violacea), and olili- uqui (Rivea corymbosa)
Enactogens
- Designer amphetamines - Bath Salts, Ecstasy (MDMA)
- Mescaline (Peyote)
Dissociative Agents
- PCP
- Ketamine
- Dextromethorphan
Plant-based Hallucinogenics
- Marijuana
- Salvia
- Absinthe
- Isoxazole Mushrooms
Psychiatric Illnesses
- Schizophrenia
- Schizo-affective disorder
- Dementia
- Delirium
Diagnosis
Management
Disposition
See Also
External Links
References
- ↑ Hofmann A. "Die Geschichte des LSD-25". Triangel Sandoz Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Wissenschaften. 1955;2(3):117-24. (as cited in Ott J. Pharmacotheon. 1993. pg 123.)