Tricuspid atresia: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
* A cyanotic congenital heart defect | [[File:Tricuspid atresia.svg|thumb|Anterior view of heart with tricuspid atresia with ASD+VSD. White arrows indicate blood flow. Atresic tricuspid valve labeled at bottom left.]] | ||
*Absence of tricuspid valve resulting in | *A cyanotic congenital heart defect | ||
*Absence of tricuspid valve resulting in absence of communication between the right atrium and right ventricle | |||
*Due to absence of communication with the right ventricle, RV becomes either under-developed or entirely absent | |||
* | |||
*Third most common cyanotic [[congenital heart disease]] <ref>Reller MD. Prevalence of congenital heart defects in metropolitan Atlanta, 1998-2005. J Pediatr. 2008;153(6):807-13.</ref> | *Third most common cyanotic [[congenital heart disease]] <ref>Reller MD. Prevalence of congenital heart defects in metropolitan Atlanta, 1998-2005. J Pediatr. 2008;153(6):807-13.</ref> | ||
===Associated cardiac lesions=== | |||
*[[ASD]] (100%) | |||
*Right ventricular hypoplasia (100%) | |||
*[[VSD]] (95%) | |||
*Pulmonary outflow obstruction (75%) | |||
*[[Transposition of the great arteries]] (28%) | |||
===Physiology=== | ===Physiology=== | ||
*Blood from the RA must exit through the ASD ( | *Blood from the RA must exit through the ASD (no tricuspid valve) | ||
*Right to left atrial shunting allows deoxygenated systemic venous blood to enter the LA, then LV | *Right to left atrial shunting allows deoxygenated systemic venous blood to enter the LA, then LV | ||
*Cyanosis is present | *Cyanosis is present due to mixing of systemic and pulmonary venous blood in the LA | ||
==Clinical Features== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
*50% present on the first day of life, additional 30% present by 1 month of age | *50% present on the first day of life, additional 30% present by 1 month of age | ||
*Central cyanosis is the most notable feature on physical exam | *Central cyanosis is the most notable feature on physical exam and can be progressive | ||
*Holosystolic murmur at left lower sternal border if | *May also present with [[failure to thrive (peds)|poor feeding]] | ||
*Continuous murmur if there is a PDA | *Holosystolic [[murmur]] at left lower sternal border if VSD is present | ||
*Continuous murmur if there is a [[PDA | |||
*Jugular venous distention and prominent “a” wave and hepatomegaly if there is a restrictive atrial level communication | *Jugular venous distention and prominent “a” wave and hepatomegaly if there is a restrictive atrial level communication | ||
*Tachypnea may be present in patients with unrestrictive pulmonary blood flow | *[[Shortness of breath (peds)|Tachypnea]] may be present in patients with unrestrictive pulmonary blood flow | ||
*[[EKG]] may show [[left axis deviation]] and [[LVH]] | |||
*Heart size is normal typically | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
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==Evaluation== | ==Evaluation== | ||
*Echocardiography | *[[Echocardiography]] | ||
*[[Chest x-ray]] | *[[Chest x-ray]] | ||
**May have a paucity of pulmonary markings and normal heart size in patients with normal pulmonary blood flow (no VSD) | **May have a paucity of pulmonary markings and normal heart size in patients with normal pulmonary blood flow (no VSD) | ||
**May have cardiomegaly and prominence of pulmonary vascularity in patients with increased pulmonary blood flow (large VSD) | **May have cardiomegaly and prominence of pulmonary vascularity in patients with increased pulmonary blood flow (large VSD) | ||
*[[ECG]] | *[[ECG]] | ||
**May demonstrate tall P waves, left axis deviation, LVH, and diminished RV forces | **May demonstrate tall P waves, [[left axis deviation]], [[LVH]], and diminished RV forces | ||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
*Stabilize cardiopulmonary function prior to surgery | *Stabilize cardiopulmonary function prior to surgery | ||
*Supplemental oxygen | *Supplemental [[oxygen]] | ||
*Mechanical ventilation | *Mechanical ventilation | ||
*Inotropic agents (eg, [[dopamine]] and [[dobutamine]]) improve myocardial contractility | *Inotropic agents (eg, [[dopamine]] and [[dobutamine]]) improve myocardial contractility | ||
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==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 17:37, 6 November 2024
Background
- A cyanotic congenital heart defect
- Absence of tricuspid valve resulting in absence of communication between the right atrium and right ventricle
- Due to absence of communication with the right ventricle, RV becomes either under-developed or entirely absent
- Third most common cyanotic congenital heart disease [1]
Associated cardiac lesions
- ASD (100%)
- Right ventricular hypoplasia (100%)
- VSD (95%)
- Pulmonary outflow obstruction (75%)
- Transposition of the great arteries (28%)
Physiology
- Blood from the RA must exit through the ASD (no tricuspid valve)
- Right to left atrial shunting allows deoxygenated systemic venous blood to enter the LA, then LV
- Cyanosis is present due to mixing of systemic and pulmonary venous blood in the LA
Clinical Features
- 50% present on the first day of life, additional 30% present by 1 month of age
- Central cyanosis is the most notable feature on physical exam and can be progressive
- May also present with poor feeding
- Holosystolic murmur at left lower sternal border if VSD is present
- Continuous murmur if there is a [[PDA
- Jugular venous distention and prominent “a” wave and hepatomegaly if there is a restrictive atrial level communication
- Tachypnea may be present in patients with unrestrictive pulmonary blood flow
- EKG may show left axis deviation and LVH
- Heart size is normal typically
Differential Diagnosis
Congenital Heart Disease Types
- Cyanotic
- Acyanotic
- AV canal defect
- Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- Cor triatriatum
- Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- Pulmonary/aortic stenosis
- Coarctation of the aorta
- Differentiation by pulmonary vascularity on CXR[2]
- Increased pulmonary vascularity
- Decreased pulmonary vascularity
- Tetralogy of fallot
- Rare heart diseases with pulmonic stenosis
Evaluation
- Echocardiography
- Chest x-ray
- May have a paucity of pulmonary markings and normal heart size in patients with normal pulmonary blood flow (no VSD)
- May have cardiomegaly and prominence of pulmonary vascularity in patients with increased pulmonary blood flow (large VSD)
- ECG
- May demonstrate tall P waves, left axis deviation, LVH, and diminished RV forces
Management
- Stabilize cardiopulmonary function prior to surgery
- Supplemental oxygen
- Mechanical ventilation
- Inotropic agents (eg, dopamine and dobutamine) improve myocardial contractility
- Prostaglandin E1
- Maintain adequate ductal dependent pulmonary flow
- Start infusion at 0.05 mcg/kg/min IV and titrate up to 0.1 mcg/kg/min, monitoring for hypotension and apnea
- Side Effects: Hypotension, Bradycardia, Seizures and Apnea
- Staged surgical repair
Disposition
- Admit
See Also
External Links
References
- ↑ Reller MD. Prevalence of congenital heart defects in metropolitan Atlanta, 1998-2005. J Pediatr. 2008;153(6):807-13.
- ↑ Knipe K et al. Cyanotic congenital heart diseases. Radiopaedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/cyanotic-congenital-heart-disease