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| ==Background==
| | #REDIRECT[[Vagal nerve stimulator complications]] |
| [[File:VagusStimulator.jpg|thumb]] | |
| *Used to treat refractory [[epilepsy]]
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| *Pulse generator implanted in chest, electric lead attached to vagus nerve in neck
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| *Generator stimulates vagal nerve at regular intervals
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| **Usually does NOT stimulate right vagus nerve (which innervates heart)
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| *Magnet over VNS leads to extra stimulation
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| **Patients/caregivers may use magnet in case of aura or breakthrough seizure
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| ==Complications==
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| ===Side Effects<ref>Serdaroglu A, Arhan E, Kurt G, et al. Long term effect of vagus nerve stimulation in pediatric intractable epilepsy: an extended follow-up. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32(4):641-6.</ref>===
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| *Hoarseness, [[cough]], [[sore throat]]
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| *Drooling, dysphagia
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| *Torticolis/neck spasms
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| *Anorexia
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| *Shoulder abduction
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| *[[Urinary retention]]
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| *Outbursts of laughter
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| ===Complications<ref>Smyth MD, Tubbs RS, Bebin EM, Grabb PA, Blount JP. Complications of chronic vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy in children. J Neurosurg. 2003;99(3):500-3.</ref>===
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| *Superficial [[skin infection]]
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| *Deep space infection (e.g. [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[Ludwig's angina]]
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| *Vocal cord paralysis
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| *Contraction of supraglottic structures--> [[stridor]], sleep apnea
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| *Facial muscle paresis
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| *Cardiac [[arrhythmia]] (rare, as usually left vagus is stimulated)
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| *Lead fracture
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| **[[Twiddler's syndrome]]: repeated (often subconscious) manipulation of device, can lead to lead fracture or other device malfunction
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| ==Evaluation==
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| ==Management==
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| ==Disposition==
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| ==See Also==
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| *[[Medical device complications]]
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| *[[Seizure]]
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| ==External Links==
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| [[Category:Surgery]]
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| [[Category:Neurology]]
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