Template:Caustics background: Difference between revisions

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*Substances that cause damage on contact with body surfaces
*Substances that cause damage on contact with body surfaces
*Degree of injury determined by pH, concentration, volume, duration of contact
*Degree of injury determined by pH, concentration, volume, duration of contact
*Acidic agents denature proteins via coagulative necrosis
*Acidic agents cause coagulative necrosis
*Alkaline agents may be more dangerous by causing liquefactive necrosis
*Alkaline agents cause liquefactive necrosis (considered more damaging to most tissues)
*Corrosive agents have reducing, oxidising, denaturing or defatting potential
*Corrosive agents have reducing, oxidising, denaturing or defatting potential


===Alkalis===
===Alkalis===
*Hydroxide ion easily penetrates tissue causing immediate cellular destruction
*Accepts protons → free hydroxide ion, which easily penetrates tissue → cellular destruction
**May cause deep penetration into surrounding tissues (e.g. abd/mediastinal necrosis)
**Liquefactive necrosis and protein disruption may allow for deep penetration into surrounding tissues
*Examples
*Examples
**Bleach, drain openers, oven cleaners, toilet cleaner, hair relaxers  
**Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), ammonia (NH3)
**Household bleach rarely causes significant injury
**Found in: bleach, drain openers, oven cleaners, toilet cleaner, hair relaxers  
===Acids===
===Acids===
*Hydrogen ion leads to cell death and eschar formation, which limits deeper involvement
*Proton donor → free hydrogen ion → cell death and eschar formation, which limits deeper involvement
**However, due to pylorospasm and pooling, high-grade gastric injuries are common
**However, due to pylorospasm and pooling of acid, high-grade gastric injuries are common
***Mortality rate is higher compared to strong alkali ingestions
***Mortality rate is higher compared to strong alkali ingestions
*Ingestion may be complicated by systemic absorption (met acidosis, hemolysis, ARF)
*Can be systemically absorbed and → metabolic acidosis, hemolysis, AKI
*Examples
*Examples
**Auto batteries, drain openers, metal cleaners, swimming pool products, rust remover
**Hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
**Found in: auto batteries, drain openers, metal cleaners, swimming pool products, rust remover

Revision as of 08:46, 21 June 2015

  • Substances that cause damage on contact with body surfaces
  • Degree of injury determined by pH, concentration, volume, duration of contact
  • Acidic agents cause coagulative necrosis
  • Alkaline agents cause liquefactive necrosis (considered more damaging to most tissues)
  • Corrosive agents have reducing, oxidising, denaturing or defatting potential

Alkalis

  • Accepts protons → free hydroxide ion, which easily penetrates tissue → cellular destruction
    • Liquefactive necrosis and protein disruption may allow for deep penetration into surrounding tissues
  • Examples
    • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), ammonia (NH3)
    • Found in: bleach, drain openers, oven cleaners, toilet cleaner, hair relaxers

Acids

  • Proton donor → free hydrogen ion → cell death and eschar formation, which limits deeper involvement
    • However, due to pylorospasm and pooling of acid, high-grade gastric injuries are common
      • Mortality rate is higher compared to strong alkali ingestions
  • Can be systemically absorbed and → metabolic acidosis, hemolysis, AKI
  • Examples
    • Hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
    • Found in: auto batteries, drain openers, metal cleaners, swimming pool products, rust remover
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