Malignant hyperthermia: Difference between revisions

(Text replacement - "Category:Tox" to "Category:Toxicology")
(Text replacement - "* " to "*")
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*Increased time from 1st sign to 1st dantrolene
*Increased time from 1st sign to 1st dantrolene
**For every 30 minute increase in the interval, complication likelihood increases x 1.6  
**For every 30 minute increase in the interval, complication likelihood increases x 1.6  
* Increased maximal temperature
*Increased maximal temperature
**For every 2°C increase in max temp, complication likelihood increases x 2.9
**For every 2°C increase in max temp, complication likelihood increases x 2.9


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**All patients demonstrate elevated CK and often gross myoglobinuria
**All patients demonstrate elevated CK and often gross myoglobinuria
**CK >20,000IU = high likelihood of MH  
**CK >20,000IU = high likelihood of MH  
* Late onset MH
*Late onset MH
**Uncommon, may begin shortly after anesthesia termination (usually within first hour)
**Uncommon, may begin shortly after anesthesia termination (usually within first hour)


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*Initial
*Initial
**Declare MH Emergency: (call OR for anesthesia to bring MH cart)
**Declare MH Emergency: (call OR for anesthesia to bring MH cart)
** Discontinue Triggering Agents
**Discontinue Triggering Agents
** 100% Oxygen at High Flow
**100% Oxygen at High Flow
** Give Dantrolene
**Give Dantrolene
***Designate 2 or 3 people to mix sterile water into Dantrolene \
***Designate 2 or 3 people to mix sterile water into Dantrolene \
****60ml sterile water into each vial of dantrolene; may need up to 36 vials
****60ml sterile water into each vial of dantrolene; may need up to 36 vials
****If using Dantrium® (20 mg/vial), each vial contains 3 g of mannitol (renal vasodilation); newer nanocrystalline dantrolene (250 mg/vial) has 250 mg mannitol per vial and requires mannitol supplementation
****If using Dantrium® (20 mg/vial), each vial contains 3 g of mannitol (renal vasodilation); newer nanocrystalline dantrolene (250 mg/vial) has 250 mg mannitol per vial and requires mannitol supplementation
*** '''2.5 mg/kg IV push'''
***'''2.5 mg/kg IV push'''
*** Titrate to effect; may need more than 10 mg/kg
***Titrate to effect; may need more than 10 mg/kg
**Bicarb for metabolic acidosis
**Bicarb for metabolic acidosis
*** 1-2 mEQ/kg if blood gas values not yet available
***1-2 mEQ/kg if blood gas values not yet available
** Cool the patient if core temp >39 deg C (102.2 deg F)
**Cool the patient if core temp >39 deg C (102.2 deg F)
*** Stop cooling when temp reaches 100.4
***Stop cooling when temp reaches 100.4
** Dysrhythmias usually respond to treatment of acidosis and hyperkalemia
**Dysrhythmias usually respond to treatment of acidosis and hyperkalemia
*** Standard therapy EXCEPT NO CA CHANNEL BLOCKERS:
***Standard therapy EXCEPT NO CA CHANNEL BLOCKERS:
****may cause hyperkalemia or cardiac arrest in presence of dantrolene
****may cause hyperkalemia or cardiac arrest in presence of dantrolene
** Treat hyperkalemia: standard treatment, remember to check glucose levels q1h after treatment with insulin/glucose
**Treat hyperkalemia: standard treatment, remember to check glucose levels q1h after treatment with insulin/glucose
** Call MHAUS Hotline if needed: 1-800-644-0737
**Call MHAUS Hotline if needed: 1-800-644-0737
*Continued Care
*Continued Care
**Dantrolene 1 mg/kg every 4-6 hours for 24–48 hours
**Dantrolene 1 mg/kg every 4-6 hours for 24–48 hours

Revision as of 13:41, 4 July 2016

Background

  • Inherited disorder of skeletal muscles triggered most often by anesthesia inhalation agents, succinylcholine, heat or exercise[1]
  • Results in hypermetabolism, skeletal muscle damage, hyperthermia, and death if not treated quickly
  • GENERALIZED rigidity NOT always present; if it occurs, MH is almost certain

Likelihood of Complications

  • Increased time from 1st sign to 1st dantrolene
    • For every 30 minute increase in the interval, complication likelihood increases x 1.6
  • Increased maximal temperature
    • For every 2°C increase in max temp, complication likelihood increases x 2.9

Clinical Features

  • Muscle contraction
  • Fever
  • First signs
    • Hypercarbia
    • Sinus tachycardia
    • Masseter spasm
    • Temperature abnormalities (may be early)
  • Most common pattern
    • Respiratory acidosis and muscular abnormalities

Presentations

  • 99% Respiratory Acidosis
  • 26% Metabolic Acidosis
  • 80% Muscular Abnormalities

Watch for it with succinylcholine use.

Types

  • Fulminant MH
    • muscle rigidity, high fever, increased HR shortly after induction of anesthesia
  • Masseter muscle rigidity
    • jaw muscle rigidity after succinylchoine
    • More common in children
    • Presages MH in 20-30% cases
    • All patients demonstrate elevated CK and often gross myoglobinuria
    • CK >20,000IU = high likelihood of MH
  • Late onset MH
    • Uncommon, may begin shortly after anesthesia termination (usually within first hour)

Differential Diagnosis

Altered mental status and fever

Diagnosis

  • Core temperature
  • CBC
  • Chem 7
  • Total CK
  • PT/PTT
  • ABG

Treatment

  • Initial
    • Declare MH Emergency: (call OR for anesthesia to bring MH cart)
    • Discontinue Triggering Agents
    • 100% Oxygen at High Flow
    • Give Dantrolene
      • Designate 2 or 3 people to mix sterile water into Dantrolene \
        • 60ml sterile water into each vial of dantrolene; may need up to 36 vials
        • If using Dantrium® (20 mg/vial), each vial contains 3 g of mannitol (renal vasodilation); newer nanocrystalline dantrolene (250 mg/vial) has 250 mg mannitol per vial and requires mannitol supplementation
      • 2.5 mg/kg IV push
      • Titrate to effect; may need more than 10 mg/kg
    • Bicarb for metabolic acidosis
      • 1-2 mEQ/kg if blood gas values not yet available
    • Cool the patient if core temp >39 deg C (102.2 deg F)
      • Stop cooling when temp reaches 100.4
    • Dysrhythmias usually respond to treatment of acidosis and hyperkalemia
      • Standard therapy EXCEPT NO CA CHANNEL BLOCKERS:
        • may cause hyperkalemia or cardiac arrest in presence of dantrolene
    • Treat hyperkalemia: standard treatment, remember to check glucose levels q1h after treatment with insulin/glucose
    • Call MHAUS Hotline if needed: 1-800-644-0737
  • Continued Care
    • Dantrolene 1 mg/kg every 4-6 hours for 24–48 hours
    • Monitor for recrudescence (rate is 25%)
    • Follow electrolytes, blood gases, CK, core temperature, urine output and color, coagulation studies

Prognosis

Stable to Transfer Criteria

  • ETCO2 is declining or normal
  • HR is stable or decreasing
  • No ominous dysrhythmias
  • Temperature is declining
  • Generalized muscular rigidity is resolving (if present)
  • IV dantrolene administration has begun

Complications

  • Consciousness Level Change/Coma
  • Cardiac Dysfunction
  • Pulmonary Edema
  • Renal Dysfunction
  • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
  • Hepatic Dysfunction
  • Relapse
  • Death

References

  1. ↑ Denborough, M. (1998) ‘Malignant hyperthermia’, The Lancet, 352(9134), pp. 1131–1136. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03078-5

See Also

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