Template:Waddell's Signs of Non-Organic Back Pain

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Waddell's Signs of Non-Organic Low back pain

  • Assess for the following[1]:
    1. Over-reaction to the examination
    2. Widespread superficial tenderness not corresponding to any anatomical distribution
    3. Pain on axial loading of the skull or pain on rotation of the shoulders and pelvis together
    4. Severely limited straight leg raising on formal testing in a patient who can sit forwards with the legs extended
    5. Lower limb weakness or sensory loss not corresponding to a nerve root distribution
  • 3 or more positives suggest non-organic or alternative organic source
  1. Waddell G, et al. Non-organic physical signs in low-back pain. Spine. 1980; 5:117-125.