Dementia
Background
DSM-IV Definition
- Major impairment in learning and memory plus impairment in handling complex tasks, impairment in reasoning ability, impaired spatial ability and orientation, or impaired language
- Symptoms significantly interfere with work, usual social activities, relationships
- Significant decline from previous level of functioning
- Disturbances are insidious and progressive
- Disturbances are not occurring exclusively during the course of delirium
- Disturbances are not accounted for by major psychiatric diagnosis
- Disturbances are not accounted for by systemic disease or another brain disease
Clinical Features
- Loss of mental capacity
- Slow and steady course
- Hallucinations, delusions, repetitive behaviors, and depression are all common
- May coexist w/ delirium
- Poor score on Mini-Mental Status Exam
Differential Diagnosis
Dementia
- Degenerative
- Alzheimer's disease
- Huntington's disease
- Parkinson's disease
- Vascular
- Multiple infarcts
- Hypoperfusion (MI, profound hypotension)
- Subdural hematoma
- SAH
- Infectious
- Meningitis (sequelae of bacterial, fungal, or tubercular)
- Neurosyphilis
- Viral encephalitis (HSV, HIV), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- Inflammatory
- SLE
- Demyelinating disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis)
- Neoplastic
- Primary brain tumor / metastatic disease
- Carcinomatous meningitis
- Paraneoplastic syndromes
- Traumatic
- Toxic
- ETOH
- Meds (anticholinergics, polypharmacy)
- Metabolic
- Psychiatric
- Depression (pseudodementia)
- Hydrocephalic
- Normal pressure hydrocephalus (communicating hydrocephalus)
- Noncommunicating hydrocephalus
Diagnosis
Rule-out treatable causes of dementia / delirium
- Mini mental status exam
- Six item screen
- CBC
- Chemistry 10
- LFTs
- UA
- ECG
- CXR
- ETOH
- Utox
- Head CT
- Consider
- LFTs, TSH
- B12, RPR, ESR, ANA, Folate, Thiamine, HIV
- neuropsych eval
- Consider LP, urine heavy metals, EEG
Treatment
- Treat underlying cause (if possible)