Acute gastroenteritis: Difference between revisions

(Text replacement - "==Diagnosis==" to "==Evaluation==")
 
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''See [[Acute gastroenteritis (peds)]] for pediatric patients''
{{Adult top}} [[acute gastroenteritis (peds)]].''
==Background==
==Background==
*Blood diarrhea suggests bacterial etiology
*Blood diarrhea suggests bacterial etiology
*Viral AGE usually lasts <7d
*Viral AGE usually lasts <7d
*Do not dx isolated vomiting as AGE
*Do not diagnose isolated vomiting as AGE


===Causes===
===Causes===
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|+ Noninvasive AGE
|+ Noninvasive AGE
|-
|-
! Species!! Onset !! Symptoms !! Transmisison !! Preformed Toxin
! Species!! Onset !! Symptoms !! Transmission !! Preformed Toxin
|-
|-
| Viral (norovirus, adenovirus, rotavirus)
| [[viruses|Viral]] ([[norovirus]], [[adenovirus]], [[rotavirus]])
|| 11-72 hrs
|| 11-72 hrs
||  
||  
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*Fecal-oral  
*Fecal-oral  
*Contaminated food or water  
*Contaminated food or water  
|| No
|| Yes
|-
|-
| [[Giardia]]
| [[Giardia]]
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==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{Nausea and vomiting DDX}}
{{Abdominal Pain DDX Diffuse}}
{{Abdominal Pain DDX Diffuse}}


==Evaluation==
==Evaluation==
*Assess hydration status
*Assess hydration status
**Cap refill, skin turgor, resp rate
**Cap refill, skin turgor, respiratory rate
*Consider stool labs if:
*Consider stool labs if:
**>10 stools in previous 24hr
**>10 stools in previous 24hr
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**Bloody stool
**Bloody stool
**Persistent diarrhea
**Persistent diarrhea
**HIV / immunosuppressed


==Management==
==Management==
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#Antiemetic
#Antiemetic
#*[[Ondansetron]] 0.15mg/kg/dose IV/PO
#*[[Ondansetron]] 0.15mg/kg/dose IV/PO
#[[Antibiotics]]
 
#*Only consider in patients with invasive infection
===[[Antibiotics]]===
#**[[Shigella]], [[campylobacter]], [[E. coli]], [[yersinia]], [[vibrio]]
*''Only consider in patients with invasive infection''
#**Bloody stool with mucus and fever
**[[Shigella]], [[campylobacter]], [[E. coli]], [[yersinia]], [[vibrio]]
#*NOT indicated for [[E. coli]] O157:H7
**Bloody stool with mucus and fever
#*NOT routinely indicated for salmonella
*NOT indicated for [[E. coli]] O157:H7
#**Exceptions: SCD, [[IBD]], <3mo
*NOT routinely indicated for salmonella
#*[[Azithromycin]] (able to tolerate PO)
**Exceptions: SCD, [[IBD]], <3mo
#*OR [[ciprofloxacin]]
*[[Azithromycin]] (able to tolerate PO)
#*OR [[TMP-SMX]]
*'''OR''' [[ciprofloxacin]]
#*[[Ceftriaxone]] (parenteral)
*'''OR''' [[TMP-SMX]]
*[[Ceftriaxone]] (parenteral)


==Disposition==
==Disposition==
*Most can be discharged
*Most can be discharged
*Admit
 
**Unable to tolerate PO
===Admit===
**Hemodynamic instability
*Unable to tolerate PO
**Significant comorbidities
*Hemodynamic instability
*Significant comorbidities


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Nausea and Vomiting]]
*[[Nausea and vomiting]]
*[[Acute gastroenteritis (peds)]]
*[[Acute gastroenteritis (peds)]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Dehydration]]

Latest revision as of 20:34, 3 February 2020

This page is for adult patients. For pediatric patients, see: acute gastroenteritis (peds).

Background

  • Blood diarrhea suggests bacterial etiology
  • Viral AGE usually lasts <7d
  • Do not diagnose isolated vomiting as AGE

Causes

Noninvasive AGE
Species Onset Symptoms Transmission Preformed Toxin
Viral (norovirus, adenovirus, rotavirus) 11-72 hrs
  • Nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea
  • Mild abdominal cramps, myalgia
  • Fecal-oral
  • Contaminated food or water
No
Staph 1-6 hrs
  • Nausea, severe vomiting, diarrhea,
  • Mild abdominal cramping
  • Previously cooked foods (mayonaise, ham, salads)
Yes
B. cereus 1-6 hrs
  • Abrupt onset of nausea, vomiting, mild diarrhea
  • Previously cooked foods (rice, vegetables, dried fruits, meat)
Yes
C. perfringens 8-24 hrs
  • Nausea, minimal vomiting, watery diarrhea
  • Abd cramps
  • Previously cooked or reheated meats and poultry
Yes
V. cholerae 11-72 hrs
  • Explosive rice-water diarrhea
  • Vomiting, abdominal cramps
  • Fever
  • Fecal-oral
  • Contaminated food or water
Yes
Giardia 1-4 wks
  • Flatus, bloating
  • Foul-smelling and fatty stools (steatorrhea)
  • Fecal-oral
  • Contaminated water
No
Invasive AGE
Species Onset Symptoms Transmission
Salmonella 6-72 hours
  • Eggs
  • Poultry
  • Water
  • Reptiles
Shigella 1-3 days
  • Food
  • Fecal-Oral
Yersinia 1-5 days
  • Water
  • Milk
  • Pork
  • Wild Animals
  • Fecal-Oral
Campylobacter 1-7 days
  • Water
  • Poultry
  • Pets/Animals
C. Diff 1-11 Weeks
  • Copious FOUL diarrhea
Entamoeba 1-11 weeks
  • Water
  • Sanitation
  • Travel

Clinical Features

Differential Diagnosis

Nausea and vomiting

Critical

Emergent

Nonemergent

Diffuse Abdominal pain

Evaluation

  • Assess hydration status
    • Cap refill, skin turgor, respiratory rate
  • Consider stool labs if:

Management

  1. Rehydration (PO preferred)
    • 30mL(1oz)/kg/hr
  2. Antiemetic

Antibiotics

Disposition

  • Most can be discharged

Admit

  • Unable to tolerate PO
  • Hemodynamic instability
  • Significant comorbidities

See Also

References