Acute otitis media: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
[[File:Gray907.png|thumb|Ear anatomy]] | |||
[[File:Otitis Media.png|thumb|Anatomy of acute otitis media.]] | |||
*Peak incidence: 6-18 months of age | *Peak incidence: 6-18 months of age | ||
* | * 2nd most common cause of ED visits after URI | ||
== | ===Etiology=== | ||
*Viral (70% of cases) | |||
*Bacterial | |||
**[[S. pneumo]] (50%) | |||
**Nontypable [[H. flu]] (30%) | |||
**[[Moraxella]] (30%) | |||
== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
[[File:Otitis media entdifferenziert2.jpg|thumb|A bulging tympanic membrane which is typical in a case of acute otitis media]] | |||
*Acute | *Symptoms typically include [[Earache|ear pain]], [[fever]] | ||
* | *Acute onset (<48hr) AND | ||
* | *Middle ear effusion AND | ||
* | *Signs of middle ear inflammation | ||
* | **Middle Ear Effusion: bulging TM, impaired TM movement, otorrhea, or air/fluid level | ||
Less common | **Middle Ear inflammation: erythema of TM or otalgia | ||
==Differential Diagnosis== | |||
{{Ear DDX}} | |||
===Less common=== | |||
*Oral cavity disease (referred pain) | *Oral cavity disease (referred pain) | ||
*Cholesteatoma | *Cholesteatoma | ||
*[[PTA]] | *[[PTA]] | ||
*[[Brain abscess]] | |||
*[[ | |||
*[[Lemierre's Syndrome]] | *[[Lemierre's Syndrome]] | ||
*Herpes zoster oticus | *[[Herpes zoster oticus]] | ||
{{Pediatric fever DDX}} | |||
==Evaluation== | |||
*Typically clinical | |||
*Erythema alone not enough to diagnose | |||
*Other clinical features: acute onset pain, bulging TM, opacified TM/loss of landmarks, otorrhea | |||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
===[[Analgesia]]=== | |||
*[[Acetaminophen]]/[[ibuprofen]] and topical [[benzocaine]] (unless [[perforated TM]]) | |||
===Antibiotics=== | ===[[Antibiotics]]=== | ||
{{ | ===2013 AAP Decision to Treat Guidelines<ref>AAP Clinical Practice Guideline The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/02/20/peds.2012-3488.full.pdf </ref>=== | ||
{| {{table}} | |||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Age''' | |||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Otorrhea''' | |||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Severe Symptoms^''' | |||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Bilateral without Otorrhea''' | |||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Unilateral without Otorrhea''' | |||
|- | |||
| 6mo-2y||Antibiotics||Antibiotics||Antibiotics||Antibiotics or observation period (wait and see) | |||
|- | |||
| ≥2y||Antibiotics||Antibiotics||Antibiotics or observation period (wait and see)||Antibiotics or observation period (wait and see) | |||
|} | |||
^Fever > 39C or severe otalgia <48 hrs | |||
'''Also Consider In:''' | |||
*Age <6mo | |||
*Ill-appearing | |||
*Recurrent acute otitis media (within 2-4wk) | |||
*Concurrent antibiotic treatment | |||
*Other bacterial infections | |||
*Immunocompromised | |||
*Craniofacial abnormalities | |||
=== | ====Wait-and-see antibiotic prescription (WASP)==== | ||
*Rather that routine prescription is an option to avoid over use if the patient does not meet any of the prescription criteria''<ref>Spiro DM. Wait-and-see prescription for the treatment of acute otitis media: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006 Sep 13;296(10):1235-41.</ref> | |||
*If symptoms worsen or persist for 48-72 then caretaker fill the prescription | |||
*Fever (relative risk [RR], 2.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.75 - 4.99; P<.001) and otalgia (RR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.26 - 2.03; P<.001) were associated with filling the prescription in the WASP group | |||
===[[Antibiotics]] Options=== | |||
*Consider treating for a standard of 10 days as opposed to a shorter duration of 5 days to reduce treatment failure in young children<ref>Hoberman A et al. Shortened Antimicrobial Treatment for Acute Otitis Media in Young Children. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:2446-2456.</ref> | |||
**Treatment failure for 10 day at 16% and for 5 day at 34% for [[amoxicillin-clavulanate]] | |||
**RTC of 520 children aged 6-23 months | |||
{{Otitis Media Antibiotics}} | |||
==Disposition== | |||
*Outpatient management | |||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
*[[Mastoiditis]] | |||
*[[Meningitis]] | |||
*[[Brain Abscess]] | |||
*Lateral Sinus Thrombosis | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
[[ | *[[Ear diagnoses]] | ||
== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category:ENT]] | [[Category:ENT]] | ||
[[Category:ID]] | [[Category:ID]] |
Revision as of 16:34, 25 March 2021
Background
- Peak incidence: 6-18 months of age
- 2nd most common cause of ED visits after URI
Etiology
Clinical Features
- Symptoms typically include ear pain, fever
- Acute onset (<48hr) AND
- Middle ear effusion AND
- Signs of middle ear inflammation
- Middle Ear Effusion: bulging TM, impaired TM movement, otorrhea, or air/fluid level
- Middle Ear inflammation: erythema of TM or otalgia
Differential Diagnosis
Ear Diagnoses
External
- Auricular hematoma
- Auricular perichondritis
- Cholesteatoma
- Contact dermatitis
- Ear foreign body
- Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome)
- Malignant otitis externa
- Otitis externa
- Otomycosis
- Tympanic membrane rupture
Internal
- Acute otitis media
- Chronic otitis media
- Mastoiditis
Inner/vestibular
Less common
- Oral cavity disease (referred pain)
- Cholesteatoma
- PTA
- Brain abscess
- Lemierre's Syndrome
- Herpes zoster oticus
Pediatric fever
- Upper respiratory infection (URI)
- UTI
- Sepsis
- Meningitis
- Febrile seizure
- Pneumonia
- Acute otitis media
- Whooping cough
- Unclear source
- Kawasaki disease
- Neonatal HSV
- Specific virus
Evaluation
- Typically clinical
- Erythema alone not enough to diagnose
- Other clinical features: acute onset pain, bulging TM, opacified TM/loss of landmarks, otorrhea
Management
Analgesia
- Acetaminophen/ibuprofen and topical benzocaine (unless perforated TM)
Antibiotics
2013 AAP Decision to Treat Guidelines[1]
Age | Otorrhea | Severe Symptoms^ | Bilateral without Otorrhea | Unilateral without Otorrhea |
6mo-2y | Antibiotics | Antibiotics | Antibiotics | Antibiotics or observation period (wait and see) |
≥2y | Antibiotics | Antibiotics | Antibiotics or observation period (wait and see) | Antibiotics or observation period (wait and see) |
^Fever > 39C or severe otalgia <48 hrs
Also Consider In:
- Age <6mo
- Ill-appearing
- Recurrent acute otitis media (within 2-4wk)
- Concurrent antibiotic treatment
- Other bacterial infections
- Immunocompromised
- Craniofacial abnormalities
Wait-and-see antibiotic prescription (WASP)
- Rather that routine prescription is an option to avoid over use if the patient does not meet any of the prescription criteria[2]
- If symptoms worsen or persist for 48-72 then caretaker fill the prescription
- Fever (relative risk [RR], 2.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.75 - 4.99; P<.001) and otalgia (RR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.26 - 2.03; P<.001) were associated with filling the prescription in the WASP group
Antibiotics Options
- Consider treating for a standard of 10 days as opposed to a shorter duration of 5 days to reduce treatment failure in young children[3]
- Treatment failure for 10 day at 16% and for 5 day at 34% for amoxicillin-clavulanate
- RTC of 520 children aged 6-23 months
Initial Treatment
- Amoxicillin 80-90mg/kg/day divided into 2 daily doses 7-10 days
Treatment during prior Month
- If amoxicillin taken in past 30 days, Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
- 80-90mg of amoxicillin per kg/day PO divided BID x 7-10 days
- Clavulanate increases vomiting/diarrhea
- Cefdinir 14mg/kg/day BID x7-10 days
- Cefpodoxime 10mg/kg PO daily x7-10 days
- Cefuroxime 15mg/kg PO BID x7-10 days
- Cefprozil 15mg/kg PO BID x7-10 days
Otitis/Conjunctivitis
- Suggestive of non-typeable H.flu
- Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
- 80-90mg of amoxicillin per kg/day PO divided BID x 7-10 days
- Clavulanate increases vomiting/diarrhea
Treatment Failure
defined as treatment during the prior 7-10 days
- Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
- 80-90mg of amoxicillin per kg/day PO divided BID x 7-10 days
- Ceftriaxone 50mg/kg IM once as single injection x 3 days
- Use if cannot tolerate PO
Penicillin Allergy
- Azithromycin 10mg/kg/day x 1 day and 5mg/kg/day x 4 remaining days
- Clarithromycin 7.5mg/kg PO BID x 10 days
- Clindamycin 10mg/kg PO three times daily
- Clindamycin does not cover H. influenza and M. catarrhalis and treatment should favor Azithromycin use
Disposition
- Outpatient management
Complications
- Mastoiditis
- Meningitis
- Brain Abscess
- Lateral Sinus Thrombosis
See Also
References
- ↑ AAP Clinical Practice Guideline The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/02/20/peds.2012-3488.full.pdf
- ↑ Spiro DM. Wait-and-see prescription for the treatment of acute otitis media: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006 Sep 13;296(10):1235-41.
- ↑ Hoberman A et al. Shortened Antimicrobial Treatment for Acute Otitis Media in Young Children. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:2446-2456.