Anthrax: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==
*Gram positive rod, Bacillus anthracis, which is capable of surviving inhospitable condition through the formation of endospores. tough spores
*Gram positive rod, Bacillus anthracis, which is capable of surviving inhospitable conditions through the formation of endospores
*Incubation period is 10 days with no ability for human to human transmission and therefore, no need for respiratory isolation
*Incubation period is 10 days with no ability for human to human transmission and therefore, no need for respiratory isolation
**Though human to human transmission does not occur, potential harbors of spores (patient clothes) need to be isolated and decontaminated with 10% bleach<ref>Heninger SJ et al. Decontamination of Bacillus anthracis Spores: Evaluation of Various Disinfectants. Appl Biosaf. 2009 Jan 1; 14(1): 7–10.</ref>
*In general there is cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointesinal anthrax.  
*In general there is cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointesinal anthrax.  
==Clinical Features==
[[File:Cutaneous anthrax lesion on the neck. PHIL 1934 lores.jpg|thumb|Cutaneous anthrax lesion on neck.]]
===Inhalational (5%)===
===Inhalational (5%)===
*Biphasic course
*Biphasic course
====Prodrome Period====
====Prodrome Period====
*Early prodromal period often appears as an influenza like illness
*Early prodromal period often appears as an [[flu-like illness]]
*Fever, dry cough, mylagia, malaise
*[[Fever]], dry [[cough]], [[myalgia]], malaise
*Transient clinical improvement followed by rapid decline
*Transient clinical improvement followed by rapid decline
====Acute phase====
====Acute phase====
*Severe respiratory distress with symptoms consisting of<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview Medscape: Anthrax]</ref>:
*Severe [[respiratory distress]] with symptoms consisting of<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview Medscape: Anthrax]</ref>:
**Hypoxia, tachypnea, cyanosis
**[[Hypoxia]], tachypnea, cyanosis
**Severe dyspnea, chest pain
**Severe dyspnea, chest pain
**Shock
**[[Shock]]
**Mediasitinits
**[[Mediastinitis]]


===Cutaneous (95%)===
===Cutaneous (95%)===
[[File:Cutaneous_anthrax.png|thumb|Cutaneous anthrax]]
[[File:Cutaneous_anthrax.png|thumb|Cutaneous anthrax]]
*The disease will start as an area of errythema and edema and progress to a vesicle which ruptures forming a central black eschar
*The disease will start as an area of erythema and edema and progress to a vesicle which ruptures forming a central black eschar which eventually falls off
*Total course of lesion evolution occurs over 1 week
*Total course of lesion evolution occurs over 1 week
*Small minority of untreated patients develop rapidly fatal bacteremia <ref>Gordon, David. "Zoonotic Infections." Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine Manual, 8e Tintinalli JE, Ma O, Yealy DM, Meckler GD, Stapczynski J, Cline DM, Thomas SH.</ref>


===Gastrointestinal===
===Gastrointestinal===
*Over the course of 7 days, nonspecific abdominal pain, nausea and vomitting with progress to severe abdominal pain, bloody emesis and diarrhea (usually bloody)<ref> CDC. Gastrointestinal anthrax after an animal-hide drumming event - New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Jul 23;59(28):872-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20651643</ref>
*Over the course of 7 days, nonspecific [[abdominal pain]], [[nausea and vomiting]] with progress to severe abdominal pain, [[hematemesis|bloody emesis]] and [[diarrhea]] (usually bloody)<ref> CDC. Gastrointestinal anthrax after an animal-hide drumming event - New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Jul 23;59(28):872-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20651643</ref>


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
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*[[Plague]]
*[[Plague]]
*[[Glanders]] (Pseudomonas peudomallei)
*[[Glanders]] (Pseudomonas peudomallei)
*Rickettsialpox (Rickettsia akari)
*[[Rickettsia]]l pox (Rickettsia akari)
*Orf (parapox virus)
*Orf (parapox virus)
*[[Staph]] [[lymphadenitis]]
*[[Staph]] [[lymphadenitis]]
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*Acute bacterial [[mediastinitis]]
*Acute bacterial [[mediastinitis]]
*[[Mycoplasma]]
*[[Mycoplasma]]
*[[Legionnaire's]]
*[[Legionella|Legionnaire's]]
*[[Psittacosis]]
*[[Psittacosis]]
*[[Tularemia]]
*[[Tularemia]]
*[[Q fever]] (Coxiella burnetti)
*[[Q fever]] (Coxiella burnetti)
*Viral pneumonia
*Viral [[pneumonia]]
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*[[Coccidiomycosis]]
*[[Coccidiomycosis]]
*Ruptured [[Aortic Dissection]]
*Ruptured [[Aortic Dissection]]
*[[SVC syndrome]]
*[[SVC Syndrome|SVC syndrome]]
*[[Silicosis]]
*[[Pneumoconiosis|Silicosis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]


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{{Bioterrorism agents}}
{{Bioterrorism agents}}


==Diagnosis==
==Evaluation==
CXR/CT- Widened mediastinum representing hemorrhagic mediastinitis
[[File:Anthrax - inhalational.jpg|thumb|[[CXR]] of inhalational anthrax showing mediastinal widening.]]
*[[CXR]]/CT
**Widened mediastinum representing hemorrhagic mediastinitis
**Infiltrate, pleural effusion
**Hyperdense mediastinal lymphadenopathy


==Treatment==
==Management==
'''Contact CDC Emergency Hotline 1-707-488-7100 for all suspected bioterrorism cases'''
'''Contact CDC Emergency Hotline 1-707-488-7100 for all suspected bioterrorism cases'''


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[[Category:ID]]
[[Category:ID]]
[[Category:Tox]]
[[Category:Toxicology]]

Revision as of 19:52, 12 January 2021

Background

  • Gram positive rod, Bacillus anthracis, which is capable of surviving inhospitable conditions through the formation of endospores
  • Incubation period is 10 days with no ability for human to human transmission and therefore, no need for respiratory isolation
    • Though human to human transmission does not occur, potential harbors of spores (patient clothes) need to be isolated and decontaminated with 10% bleach[1]
  • In general there is cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointesinal anthrax.

Clinical Features

Cutaneous anthrax lesion on neck.

Inhalational (5%)

  • Biphasic course

Prodrome Period

Acute phase

Cutaneous (95%)

Cutaneous anthrax
  • The disease will start as an area of erythema and edema and progress to a vesicle which ruptures forming a central black eschar which eventually falls off
  • Total course of lesion evolution occurs over 1 week
  • Small minority of untreated patients develop rapidly fatal bacteremia [3]

Gastrointestinal

Differential Diagnosis

Cutaneous (painless)

Inhalational

Lower Respiratory Zoonotic Infections

Bioterrorism Agents[5]

Category A

Category B

  • Ricin
  • Brucellosis
  • Epsilon toxin
  • Psittacosis
  • Q Fever
  • Staph enterotoxin B
  • Typhus
  • Glanders
  • Melioidosis
  • Food safety threats
  • Water safety threats
  • Viral encephalitis

Category C

Evaluation

CXR of inhalational anthrax showing mediastinal widening.
  • CXR/CT
    • Widened mediastinum representing hemorrhagic mediastinitis
    • Infiltrate, pleural effusion
    • Hyperdense mediastinal lymphadenopathy

Management

Contact CDC Emergency Hotline 1-707-488-7100 for all suspected bioterrorism cases

Postexposure Prophylaxis

Patient should be vaccinated at day #0, #14, #28

Cutaneous Anthrax (not systemically ill)

  • Ciprofloxacin 500mg PO q12hrs x 60 days
  • Doxycycline 100mg PO q12hrs x 60 days

Inhalation or Cutaneous with systemic illness

Pediatric Postexpsoure Prophylaxis

Pediatric Cutaneous Anthrax (not ill)

  • Same as post exposure dosing and duration

Pediatric Inhalational or Cutaneous (systemically ill

Disposition

  • Admit

See Also

References

  1. Heninger SJ et al. Decontamination of Bacillus anthracis Spores: Evaluation of Various Disinfectants. Appl Biosaf. 2009 Jan 1; 14(1): 7–10.
  2. Medscape: Anthrax
  3. Gordon, David. "Zoonotic Infections." Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine Manual, 8e Tintinalli JE, Ma O, Yealy DM, Meckler GD, Stapczynski J, Cline DM, Thomas SH.
  4. CDC. Gastrointestinal anthrax after an animal-hide drumming event - New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Jul 23;59(28):872-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20651643
  5. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/biodefenserelated/biodefense/pages/cata.aspx Accessed 02/26/16