Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
[[File:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.jpg|thumb|In vitro MRI and corresponding cross section of the heart in ARVD show RV dilatation with anterior and posterior aneurysms (17-year-old asymptomatic male athlete who died suddenly during a soccer game).]] | |||
*Second most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young patients <ref>https://litfl.com/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathy-arvc/</ref> | |||
**Up to 20% of sudden cardiac deaths in young people | |||
*Usually occurs in people of Greek or Italian descent | |||
*Male:Female = 3:1 | |||
*1:1000-10,000 in the US | |||
*Fibro-fatty replacement of right ventricular myocardium | |||
*Two forms: | |||
**Autosomal dominant | |||
***Variable penetrance | |||
**Autosomal recessive | |||
***Naxos disease (Palmoplantar keratoderma) <ref>Protonotarios, N., and Tsatsopoulou, A. (2006). Naxos disease: Cardiocutaneous syndrome due to cell adhesion defect. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 1(4).</ref> | |||
==Clinical Features== | |||
*[[Palpitations]] (27%) | |||
*[[Syncope]] (26%) | |||
*[[Ventricular dysrhythmias]]/[[cardiac arrest]] (23%) | |||
**Especially occurring during exercise | |||
*Family history of unexplained syncope or sudden death | |||
*[[Dysrhythmias]] refractory to antidysrhythmic meds | |||
*Asymptomatic (40%) | |||
**Usually these patients are identified through genetic testing of an affected or symptomatic family member | |||
*[[CHF|Right ventricular failure]] (6%) | |||
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]] | |||
*[[Dyspnea]] | |||
*Atypical [[chest pain]] (6%) | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | |||
{{Cardiomyopathy DDX}} | |||
{{Syncope causes}} | |||
{{T-wave inversion DDX}} | |||
==Evaluation== | |||
===[[ECG]]=== | |||
[[File:ARVDV1.png|thumb|Epsilon Wave in Lead V1]] | |||
[[File:ARVD.png|thumb|]] | |||
*Epsilon wave | |||
**Seen in 30-50% of cases | |||
**Most specific finding | |||
**Small positive deflection at the end of the QRS complex | |||
*V1-V3 T wave inversions | |||
**Seen in 85% of cases | |||
**Especially in patients >14 yrs old) | |||
*Localised QRS widening | |||
**110 ms in V1-V3 | |||
*Sudden VT episodes with LBBB morphology | |||
*Prolonged S-wave upstroke | |||
**55 ms in V1-3 | |||
**Seen in 95% of cases | |||
===Imaging=== | |||
[[File:Arvd MRI.jpg|thumb|MRI in a patient affected by ARVC/D (long axis view of the right ventricle): note the transmural diffuse bright signal in the RV free wall on spin echo T1 (a) due to massive myocardial atrophy with fatty replacement (b).]] | |||
''Major and minor criteria rely on echo and cardiac MRI'' | |||
*[[Echocardiography]] | |||
**Hypokinetic and dilated right ventricle | |||
**Dilation of RVOT | |||
*Cardiac MRI <ref>https://litfl.com/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathy-arvc/</ref> | |||
**Fibro-fatty infiltration | |||
**Thinning of right ventricular myocardium | |||
**RV aneurysm | |||
**RV dilatation | |||
**Regional wall motion abnormalities | |||
**Global systolic dysfunction | |||
*Histological studies provide post-mortem diagnosis | |||
**May prompt testing in family members | |||
==Management== | |||
*[[Beta blockers]] or [[amiodarone]] to suppress ventricular dysrhythmias | |||
**[[Sotalol]] is preferred | |||
*ICD implantation if high-risk features | |||
*Ablation of conduction pathways | |||
*Treat [[heart failure]] with [[diuretics]], [[ACE inhibitors]] | |||
*Heart transplant | |||
==Disposition== | |||
*Admission under cardiology if symptomatic | |||
*Admission under cardiology if high-risk features<ref>https://litfl.com/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathy-arvc/</ref>: | |||
**Syncope due to cardiac arrest | |||
**Recurrent dysrhythmias not suppressed by drug therapy | |||
**Cardiac arrest in first-degree relative | |||
*Incidental finding: Cardiology follow-up for further risk assessment and possible ICD placement or ablation | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
*Anderson EL. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Apr 15;73(8):1391-8. | |||
*Perez Diez D, Brugada J. Diagnosis and Management of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia. E-Journal of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice, European Society of Cardiology 2008. | |||
[[Category:Cardiology]] |
Latest revision as of 17:39, 11 March 2021
Background
- Second most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young patients [1]
- Up to 20% of sudden cardiac deaths in young people
- Usually occurs in people of Greek or Italian descent
- Male:Female = 3:1
- 1:1000-10,000 in the US
- Fibro-fatty replacement of right ventricular myocardium
- Two forms:
- Autosomal dominant
- Variable penetrance
- Autosomal recessive
- Naxos disease (Palmoplantar keratoderma) [2]
- Autosomal dominant
Clinical Features
- Palpitations (27%)
- Syncope (26%)
- Ventricular dysrhythmias/cardiac arrest (23%)
- Especially occurring during exercise
- Family history of unexplained syncope or sudden death
- Dysrhythmias refractory to antidysrhythmic meds
- Asymptomatic (40%)
- Usually these patients are identified through genetic testing of an affected or symptomatic family member
- Right ventricular failure (6%)
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Dyspnea
- Atypical chest pain (6%)
Differential Diagnosis
Cardiomyopathy
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- Peripartum cardiomyopathy
- Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Syncope Causes
- Cardiovascular-mediated syncope
- Dysrhythmias:
- Cardiovascular disease
- Neurally mediated syncope
- Vasovagal:
- Fear, pain, emotion, valsalva, breath-holding spell
- Situational (associated with):
- Vasovagal:
- Orthostatic hypotension-mediated syncope:
- Volume depletion:
- Autonomic Dysreflexia
- Autonomic failure due to meds
- Other serious causes
- Stroke
- SAH
- TIA
- Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency
- Subclavian steal
- Heat syncope
- Hypoglycemia
- Hyperventilation
- Asphyxiation
- Seizure
- Narcolepsy
- Psychogenic (anxiety, conversion disorder, somatic symptom disorder)
- Toxic (drugs, carbon monoxide, etc.)
T Wave Inversions
- Normal in pediatrics
- Myocardial infarct (NSTEMI)
- Myocardial ischemia (Wellen's) - T waves go up, then down
- Hypokalemia - T waves go down, then up (or camel humped, one upright TW and upright U-wave in severe hypokalemia)
- Hyperkalemia
- Pulmonary embolism (RV strain)
- Pulmonary hypertension, acute or chronic
- Pulmonary disease - hyperventilation, pneumothorax, pneumonia
- LVH with strain pattern
- RVH
- Bundle branch block (both left and right)
- WPW
- Pericarditis (stage 3)
- CNS T waves (diffuse, deep)
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (may also have epsilon wave)
- HOCM
- Paced rhythm
- Elevated intracranial pressure
Evaluation
ECG
- Epsilon wave
- Seen in 30-50% of cases
- Most specific finding
- Small positive deflection at the end of the QRS complex
- V1-V3 T wave inversions
- Seen in 85% of cases
- Especially in patients >14 yrs old)
- Localised QRS widening
- 110 ms in V1-V3
- Sudden VT episodes with LBBB morphology
- Prolonged S-wave upstroke
- 55 ms in V1-3
- Seen in 95% of cases
Imaging
Major and minor criteria rely on echo and cardiac MRI
- Echocardiography
- Hypokinetic and dilated right ventricle
- Dilation of RVOT
- Cardiac MRI [3]
- Fibro-fatty infiltration
- Thinning of right ventricular myocardium
- RV aneurysm
- RV dilatation
- Regional wall motion abnormalities
- Global systolic dysfunction
- Histological studies provide post-mortem diagnosis
- May prompt testing in family members
Management
- Beta blockers or amiodarone to suppress ventricular dysrhythmias
- Sotalol is preferred
- ICD implantation if high-risk features
- Ablation of conduction pathways
- Treat heart failure with diuretics, ACE inhibitors
- Heart transplant
Disposition
- Admission under cardiology if symptomatic
- Admission under cardiology if high-risk features[4]:
- Syncope due to cardiac arrest
- Recurrent dysrhythmias not suppressed by drug therapy
- Cardiac arrest in first-degree relative
- Incidental finding: Cardiology follow-up for further risk assessment and possible ICD placement or ablation
References
- ↑ https://litfl.com/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathy-arvc/
- ↑ Protonotarios, N., and Tsatsopoulou, A. (2006). Naxos disease: Cardiocutaneous syndrome due to cell adhesion defect. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 1(4).
- ↑ https://litfl.com/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathy-arvc/
- ↑ https://litfl.com/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathy-arvc/
- Anderson EL. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Apr 15;73(8):1391-8.
- Perez Diez D, Brugada J. Diagnosis and Management of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia. E-Journal of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice, European Society of Cardiology 2008.