Avascular necrosis of hip

Background

Traumatic and nontraumatic causes can lead to an insult to the blood supply of the joint. The ischemia causes death of osteocytes and bone marrow that leads to necrosis and eventual collapse of the dead segment.

Kupe MD. Hip Fracture. http://drkupe.blogspot.com/2011/03/hip-fracture.html. Accessed July 31, 2016.

Epidemiology

• Est 10,000 to 20,000 new cases per year
• Responsible for about 10% of all total hip replacements
• Patients typically diagnosed before 40 years of age

Etiologies

Traumatic causes

• Femoral neck fracture/dislocation

Non-traumatic causes

• Use of Corticosteriods, Alcohol, Tobacco
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Sickle cell disease
• Chronic Kidney Disease
• Pancreatitis
• Radiation therapy
• HIV
• Caisson Disease (aka Dysbarism)
• Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
• Idiopathic

Clinical Features

• Limp
• Limited range of motion of joint, both active and passive
• Pain: Knee, Thigh, and/or Groin
• Wasting of local musculature
• Asymmetric leg length

Differential Diagnosis

Hip pain

Acute Trauma

• Femur fracture
  • Proximal
    • Intracapsular
      • Femoral head fracture
      • Femoral neck fracture
    • Extracapsular
      • Intertrochanteric femur fracture
      • Trochanteric femur fracture
  • Shaft
    • Mid-shaft femur fracture (all subtrochanteric)
• Hip dislocation
• Pelvic fractures
  • Acetabular pelvic fractures
  • Open book pelvic fracture
  • Straddle pelvic fracture
  • Pelvic avulsion fracture

Chronic/Atraumatic

• Hip bursitis
• Psoas abscess
• Piriformis syndrome
• Meralgia paresthetica
• Septic arthritis
  • Septic arthritis of the hip (peds)
• Obturator nerve entrapment
• Avascular necrosis of hip

Evaluation

• Plain XR is poorly sensitive in early stages, as low as 41%
  • AP and Frog leg views
• MRI ~90% sensitivity and specificity
  • Best test
• Bone Scan (aka Bone Scintigraph)
  • May show evidence of early bone ischemia

Management

• Nonsurgical
  • Considered ineffective at stopping progression of ischemia
  • Bedrest, limit weightbearing, pain control
• Medications
  • Bisphophonates, vasodilators, and anticoagulants have been used but efficacy has not yet been proven
• Surgical
  • Total Join Replacement
  • Unfortunately, patients with osteonecrosis have an increased failure rate of the procedure.
• On going research for treatment
  • Joint preserving operations, Bone marrow decompression therapy, vascularized and nonvascularized bone grafts, Bone marrow grafting, and Osteotomy

Disposition

Medical and orthopedic referrals for evaluation of comorbidities and evaluation of joint should be made in the emergency department.

References

• JONES PHD, L. C. AND MONT MD, M. A. Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis of bone) In-text: (Jones PhD and Mont MD) Your Bibliography: Jones PhD, Lynne C and Michael A Mont MD. "Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis Of Bone)". UpToDate. N.p., 2016. Web. 31 July 2016.
• Kelly JD et al. Femoral head avascular necrosis treatment & management. Aug 16, 2015. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/86568-treatment#showall.
• Stoica Z et al. Imaging of Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head: Familiar Methods and Newer Trends. Curr Health Sci J. 2009 Jan-Mar; 35(1): 23–28.
• Wainwright A. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease diagnostic tests - Epocrates online. Epocrates. https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/75134/Legg-Calve-Perthes-disease/Diagnostic-Tests. Accessed July 31, 2016.