Blunt neck trauma: Difference between revisions

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*[[Penetrating neck trauma]]
*[[Penetrating neck trauma]]


==Source==
==Sources==
*National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC). Spinal Cord Injury. Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, Ala: NSCISC; July 1996
*National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC). Spinal Cord Injury. Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, Ala: NSCISC; July 1996
*Ivy ME, Cohn SM. Addressing the myths of cervical spine injury management. Am J Emerg Med. Oct 1997;15(6):591-5
*Ivy ME, Cohn SM. Addressing the myths of cervical spine injury management. Am J Emerg Med. Oct 1997;15(6):591-5

Revision as of 21:03, 28 March 2015

Background

Three column concept of spinal fracture stability
  • Suspect vascular damage to cord if discrepancy between neuro deficit and level of spinal column injury
  • Cord injury is more likely if anterior (vertebral bodies) AND posterior (spinal canal) columns are disrupted

Differential Diagnosis

Neck Trauma

Workup

Fracture

NEXUS Cervical Spine Rule

Radiography is not necessary if the patient satisfies ALL of the following low risk criteria:

  • No midline cervical tenderness
  • No focal neuro deficits
  • Normal alertness
  • No intoxication
  • No painful distracting injury

C-spine imaging should be considered unless the patient meets all of the above low risk criteria[1] [2]

^If find injury consider CT C-spine, x-ray rest of spine

Spinal cord trauma

  • Neuro exam

Vertebral and Carotid Artery Dissection

Denver screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury

The Denver Screening Criteria are divided into risk factors and signs and symptoms

Signs and Symptoms

  • Arterial hemorrhage
  • Cervical bruit
  • Expanding neck hematoma
  • Focal neurologic deficit
  • Neuro exam inconsistent with head CT
  • Stroke on head CT

Risk Factors

  • Midface Fractures (Le Fort II or III)
  • Basilar Skull Fracture with carotid canal involvement
  • Diffuse axonal injury with GCS<6
  • Cervical spine fracture
  • Hanging with anoxic brain injury
  • Seat belt abrasion or other soft tissue injury of the anterior neck resulting in significant swelling or altered mental status
    • Isolated seatbelt sign without other neurologic symptoms has not been identified as a risk factor[3][4][5]

Pediatrics

  • For pediatric patients in a motor vehicle collision, the presence of an isolated seatbelt sign was not associated with any cases of cerebrovascular injury. [6]

Management

See Also

Sources

  • National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC). Spinal Cord Injury. Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, Ala: NSCISC; July 1996
  • Ivy ME, Cohn SM. Addressing the myths of cervical spine injury management. Am J Emerg Med. Oct 1997;15(6):591-5
  • Woodring JH, Lee C, Duncan V. Transverse process fractures of the cervical vertebrae: are they insignificant? J Trauma. June 1993; 34(6):797-802.

Cited Sources

  1. 27. Hoffman JR, et al. Low-risk criteria for cervical-spine radiography in blunt trauma: a prospective study. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21:1454-60.
  2. Mahadevan, et al. Interrater reliability of cervical spine injury criteria inpatients with blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med1998;31:197-201
  3. DiPerna CA, Rowe VL, Terramani TT, et al. Clinical importance of the “seat belt sign” in blunt trauma to the neck. Am Surg. 2002;68:441–445
  4. Rozycki GS, Tremblay L, Feliciano DV, et al. A prospective study for the detection of vascular injury in adult and pediatric patients with cervicothoracic seat belt signs. J Trauma. 2002;52:618–623; discussion 623–624
  5. Sherbaf FG, Chen B, Pomeranz T, et al. Value of emergent neurovascular imaging for “Seat belt injury”: A multi-institutional study. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2021;42(4):743-748
  6. Desai NK, et al. Screening CT angiography for pediatric blunt cerebrovascular injury with emphasis on the cervical “seat- belt sign.” AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Sep;35(9):1836-40. PMID: 24722311.