Bronchiolitis (peds): Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
*Inflammation, edema, and epithelial necrosis of bronchioles | *Inflammation, edema, and epithelial necrosis of bronchioles | ||
== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
*Symptoms | *Symptoms | ||
**Rhinorrhea, cough, irritability, apnea (neonates) | **Rhinorrhea, cough, irritability, apnea (neonates) | ||
Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
*Assess for dehydration (tachypnea may interfere with feeding) | *Assess for dehydration (tachypnea may interfere with feeding) | ||
== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
*[[Asthma]] | |||
*[[Croup]] | |||
*[[PNA]] | |||
*[[Foreign body]] | |||
*[[Pertusis]] | |||
*[[CHF]] | |||
*Cystic fibrosis | |||
*Vascular ring | |||
==Diagnosis== | |||
*Rapid RSV | *Rapid RSV | ||
**Obtain if <1mo old | **Obtain if <1mo old | ||
Line 28: | Line 38: | ||
***Critically ill | ***Critically ill | ||
===Concurrent infection risk=== | |||
* | ''Infants <60 days with RSV bronchiolitis and fever'' | ||
*Low risk of bacteremia and [[meningitis]] in RSV+, still appreciable [[UTI]] risk | |||
**[[UTI]] 5.4% in RSV+, 10.1% RSV- | **[[UTI]] 5.4% in RSV+, 10.1% RSV- | ||
**Bacteremia 1.1% RSV+, 2.3% RSV- | **Bacteremia 1.1% RSV+, 2.3% RSV- | ||
**[[Meningitis]] 0% RSV+, 0.9% RSV- | **[[Meningitis]] 0% RSV+, 0.9% RSV- | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
;Randomized controlled trials of bronchodilater or corticosteroid therapy have shown mixed results. Bronchodilators could aggravate the symptoms.<ref>Bjornson CL. et al. A randomized trial of a single dose of oral dexamethasone for mild croup. NEJM. 2004;351:1306-1313.</ref><ref>Geelhoed GC. et al. Efficacy of a small single dose of oral dexamethasone for outpatient croup: a double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. BMJ. 1996;313:140-142</ref><ref>Ralston S. et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of albuterol and epinephrine at equipotent beta-2 agonist doses in acute bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;40:292-299</ref> | ;Randomized controlled trials of bronchodilater or corticosteroid therapy have shown mixed results. Bronchodilators could aggravate the symptoms.<ref>Bjornson CL. et al. A randomized trial of a single dose of oral dexamethasone for mild croup. NEJM. 2004;351:1306-1313.</ref><ref>Geelhoed GC. et al. Efficacy of a small single dose of oral dexamethasone for outpatient croup: a double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. BMJ. 1996;313:140-142</ref><ref>Ralston S. et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of albuterol and epinephrine at equipotent beta-2 agonist doses in acute bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;40:292-299</ref> | ||
===Oxygen=== | ===[[Oxygen]]=== | ||
*The AAP guidelines also state that it is reasonable to not perform continuous oximetry on infants and children with bronchiolitis<ref name="AAP guides">Ralston S. et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 134(5) Nov. 2014. 1474 -e150 doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2742 [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/10/21/peds.2014-2742.full.pdf+html PDF]</ref> | *The AAP guidelines also state that it is reasonable to not perform continuous oximetry on infants and children with bronchiolitis<ref name="AAP guides">Ralston S. et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 134(5) Nov. 2014. 1474 -e150 doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2742 [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/10/21/peds.2014-2742.full.pdf+html PDF]</ref> | ||
Line 54: | Line 54: | ||
**oxygen saturation alone should not dictate admission<ref>Schuh S. et al. Effect of oximetry on hospitalization in bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Aug 20;312(7):712-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.8637</ref> | **oxygen saturation alone should not dictate admission<ref>Schuh S. et al. Effect of oximetry on hospitalization in bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Aug 20;312(7):712-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.8637</ref> | ||
===Hypertonic Saline=== | ===Hypertonic Saline=== | ||
*Only consider administer to infants who require hospitalization<ref name="AAP guides"></ref> ([[Evidence_Based_Recommendation_Levels|Class B]])) | *Only consider administer to infants who require hospitalization<ref name="AAP guides"></ref> ([[Evidence_Based_Recommendation_Levels|Class B]])) | ||
Line 69: | Line 64: | ||
*Do not perform deep suctioning since it will increase length of stay with no added benefit<ref name="AAP guides"></ref> | *Do not perform deep suctioning since it will increase length of stay with no added benefit<ref name="AAP guides"></ref> | ||
=== | ===Not indicated=== | ||
*[[Albuterol]]/bronchodialater ([[Evidence_Based_Recommendation_Levels|Class B]])<ref name="AAP guides"></ref> | |||
*Racemic [[Epinephrine]] ([[Evidence_Based_Recommendation_Levels|Class B]])<ref name="AAP guides"></ref> | |||
*Steroids<ref name="AAP guides"></ref><ref>Corneli HM, Zorc JJ, Mahajan P, et al; Bronchiolitis Study Group of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Net- work (PECARN). A multicenter, random- ized, controlled trial of dexamethasone for bronchiolitis [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 2008;359(18): 1972]. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(4):331–339</ref> | |||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== |
Revision as of 00:17, 22 September 2015
Background
- <2yr old (peak 2-6mo age)
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes ~70% of cases[1]
- Preemies, neonates, congenital heart dz are at risk for serious disease
- Peaks in winter
- Duration = 7-14d (worst during days 3-5)
- Inflammation, edema, and epithelial necrosis of bronchioles
Clinical Features
- Symptoms
- Rhinorrhea, cough, irritability, apnea (neonates)
- Signs
- Tachypnea, cyanosis, wheezing, retractions
- Fever is usually low-grade or absent
- If high-grade fever consider Otitis Media, UTI
- Assess for dehydration (tachypnea may interfere with feeding)
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
- Rapid RSV
- Obtain if <1mo old
- If positive then admit pt
- CXR
- Not routinely necessary
- May lead to unnecessary use of abx (atelectais mimics infiltrate)
- Consider if
- Diagnosis unclear
- Critically ill
- Not routinely necessary
Concurrent infection risk
Infants <60 days with RSV bronchiolitis and fever
- Low risk of bacteremia and meningitis in RSV+, still appreciable UTI risk
- UTI 5.4% in RSV+, 10.1% RSV-
- Bacteremia 1.1% RSV+, 2.3% RSV-
- Meningitis 0% RSV+, 0.9% RSV-
Treatment
- Randomized controlled trials of bronchodilater or corticosteroid therapy have shown mixed results. Bronchodilators could aggravate the symptoms.[2][3][4]
Oxygen
- The AAP guidelines also state that it is reasonable to not perform continuous oximetry on infants and children with bronchiolitis[5]
- O2 (maintain SaO2 >90%)
- oxygen saturation alone should not dictate admission[6]
Hypertonic Saline
- Suction nares / nasal saline drops
Although AAP recommends as a possible intervention. the SABRE trial found no support the use of nebulised HS in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in regard to time to discharge or adverse events. [7]
Suctioning
- Nasopharyngeal suctioning may temporarily relieve symptoms
- Do not perform deep suctioning since it will increase length of stay with no added benefit[5]
Not indicated
Disposition
Consider Admission
- Age <3months
- Preterm (<34wks)
- Underlying heart/lung disease
- Initial SaO2 <90%
- Sa02 alone should not be used as the only factor for admission[9]
- Unable to tolerate PO
Consider Discharge
See Also
Source
- ↑ Papadopoulos NG; Moustaki M; Tsolia M; Bossios A; Astra E; Prezerakou A (2002). Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
- ↑ Bjornson CL. et al. A randomized trial of a single dose of oral dexamethasone for mild croup. NEJM. 2004;351:1306-1313.
- ↑ Geelhoed GC. et al. Efficacy of a small single dose of oral dexamethasone for outpatient croup: a double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. BMJ. 1996;313:140-142
- ↑ Ralston S. et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of albuterol and epinephrine at equipotent beta-2 agonist doses in acute bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;40:292-299
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Ralston S. et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 134(5) Nov. 2014. 1474 -e150 doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2742 PDF
- ↑ Schuh S. et al. Effect of oximetry on hospitalization in bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Aug 20;312(7):712-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.8637
- ↑ Everard ML, Hind D, Ugonna K, et al. SABRE: a multicentre randomised control trial of nebulised hypertonic saline in infants hospitalised with acute bronchiolitis. Thorax. 2014;69(12):1105–1112. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205953.
- ↑ Corneli HM, Zorc JJ, Mahajan P, et al; Bronchiolitis Study Group of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Net- work (PECARN). A multicenter, random- ized, controlled trial of dexamethasone for bronchiolitis [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 2008;359(18): 1972]. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(4):331–339
- ↑ Schuh S, et al. Effect of oximetry on hospitalization in bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014; 312(7):712-718.
- ↑ Ross JD, et al. The disposition of children with croup treated with racemic epinephrine and dexamethasone in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 1998; 16:535-539.
- ↑ Kelley PB, et al. Racemic epinephrine use in croup and disposition. J Emerg Med. 1992; 10:181-183.