COVID-19: Epidemiology and pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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*[[Cytokine release syndrome|Cytokine Storm]] | *[[Cytokine release syndrome|Cytokine Storm]] | ||
== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
== Risk Factors== | == Risk Factors== |
Revision as of 10:37, 11 April 2020
Virology
- Coronaviruses are common human pathogens
- Cause the common cold
- In epidemics, cause up to one-third of community-acquired upper respiratory tract infections in adults; and may cause diarrhea in infants and children
- SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus (a new strain not previously identified in humans)
- Likely primary source = bats
- It is a betacoronavirus in the same subgenus as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) virus is another, more distantly related, betacoronavirus. Like the SARS coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2] for cell entry
- Surface survival time of SARS-CoV-2:
- stainless steel: persists for 3 hours (or longer)
- underscores the importance of environmental cleaning / disinfection
- cleaning gets rid of the proteins that would interfere with a disinfectants effectiveness
- Note: studied in a simulated lab environment. Lab virions not covered in protein and mucus and other things that would mimic real life and that could prolong survival
Pathophysiology
- ARDS - Possibly due to direct alveolar damage by the virus AND inflammatory reaction. [1]
- Cytokine Storm
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
- Older age
- Underlying conditions (lung disease, Renal Failure, Malignancy, heart disease, diabetes)
NOT Risk Factors
- Children: milder disease
- Pregnant patients: see COVID-19 in pregnancy
Transmission
- COVID-19: R0 = 2.2 - 4.2
- Where R0 = expected number of secondary cases produced by a single typical infection in a susceptible population (basic reproductive rate)
- R0 for seasonal flu ~ 1.3
- R0 for pandemic flu ~ 1.5-1.8
- Incubation: 5 days (median); range of 2-14 days
- Serial interval duration = 7.5 days
- Serial interval refers to the time from illness onset in successive cases in a transmission chain
- Surface survival time of SARS-CoV-2:
- stainless steel: persists for 3 hours (or longer)
- underscores the importance of environmental cleaning / disinfection
- cleaning gets rid of the proteins that would interfere with a disinfectants effectiveness
- Note: studied in a simulated lab environment. Lab virions not covered in protein and mucus and other things that would mimic real life and that could prolong survival
Incubation Period
Infectious Period
See Also
COVID-19 Pages
- COVID-19 (main)
References
- ↑ Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(4):420-422. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30076-x