Cerebral venous thrombosis: Difference between revisions

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''The cavernous sinus is one of the several cerebral veins and [[cavernous sinus thrombosis]] is a specific type of cerebral venous (sinus) thrombosis.  See that article for a discussion of that specific clinical entity.''
''The cavernous sinus is one of the several cerebral veins and [[cavernous sinus thrombosis]] is a specific type of cerebral venous (sinus) thrombosis.  See that article for a discussion of that specific clinical entity.''
== Background ==
==Background==
[[File:Cerebral veins.jpg|thumbnail|Cerebral Veins]]
[[File:Cerebral veins.jpg|thumbnail|Cerebral Veins]]
*Occlusion of venous sinus (most commonly superior sagittal and lateral sinuses) by thrombus or compression from mass
*Occlusion of venous sinus (most commonly superior sagittal and lateral sinuses) by thrombus<ref>Piazza G. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Circulation 2012;125:1704-1709.</ref>
*No precise prevalence or incidence established due to rarity of condition
*No precise prevalence or incidence established due to rarity of condition. However the disease is more prevalent in patients with thrombophilia, oral contraceptive use, and during pregnancy.<ref name="lancet">Bousser MG, Ferro JM. Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6:162-70.</ref>
*Median Age ~ 37 years
*Median Age ~ 37 years<ref name="lancet"></ref>
*Female:Male ratio 3:1
*Female:Male ratio 3:1<ref name="lancet"></ref>
*Predisposing factors
**Cancer
**Pregnancy
**Local infections (otitis media, sinusitis, cellulitis)
**Hypercoagulable states
**Trauma
**Drugs (ecstasy, androgens, OCPs)
**Compression of venous sinus (tumor, abscess)


== Clinical Features ==
===Predisposing factors===
*Clinical presentation varies depending on location, acuity, and severity of thrombosis
*Cancer
**More gradual onset of symptoms or thrombosis allows for compensatory collateral venous system to develop  
*[[Pregnancy]]
**Common Symptoms:
*Local infections ([[otitis media]], [[sinusitis]], [[cellulitis]], [[dental problems|dental infections]])
***Headache 74-92%
*Hypercoagulable states
***Seizures 35-50%
*[[Trauma]]
***Papilledema 28-45%
*Drugs ([[ecstasy]], androgens, OCPs)
***Focal Neurologic sequelae (seizures, dizziness) 25-71%
*Compression of venous sinus ([[brain tumor|tumor]], [[brain abscess|abscess]])
***Encephalopathy
 
==Clinical Features==
Clinical presentation varies depending on location, acuity, and severity of thrombosis. More gradual onset of symptoms or thrombosis allows for compensatory collateral venous system to develop  
===Common Symptoms===
''Symptoms are variable and may not all be present<ref name="NEJM>Stam J. Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1791–8.</ref>
*[[Headache]] 74-92%
** Progressive, diffuse
*[[Seizures]] 35-50%
*[[Papilledema]] 28-45%
*Focal neurologic sequelae (seizures, [[dizziness]]) 25-71%
*[[Encephalopathy]]
[[File:sinus thrombosis.jpg|thumbnail]]
[[File:sinus thrombosis.jpg|thumbnail]]
===[[focal neuro deficits|Neurodefecits]]===
Although presentation can be highly variable, neurodefecits can be correlated with the location of the occlusion<ref name=NEJM></ref>
*'''Superior Sagital sinus''' - [[weakness|motor deficits]], seizures
*'''Left transverse sinus''' - aphasia
*'''[[cavernous sinus thrombosis|Cavernous sinus]]''' - [[eye pain|ocular pain]], [[proptosis]], oculomotor palsies'''
*'''Deep venous sinus''' -thalamic and basal ganglia related symptoms such as [[altered mental status]]


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{Headache DDX}}
{{Headache DDX}}


== Diagnosis ==
==Evaluation==
[[File:Sagital sinus thrombus.JPG|thumbnail|Sagital sinus thrombosis on CT]]
[[File:Sagital sinus thrombus.JPG|thumbnail|Sagital sinus thrombosis on CT]]
''Suspect in patients presenting with headache, signs of increased ICP, or focal neurologic deficits in setting of any of above predisposing factors''
''Suspect in patients with headache, signs of increased ICP, or focal neurologic deficits, especially if any of above predisposing factors are present''
*Imaging
===Imaging===
**MRI/MRV considered diagnostic study of choice, now considered gold standard
*[[Brain MRI|MRI]] and MRV are considered diagnostic study of choice<ref name="rads">Khandelwal N et al. Comparison of CT venography with MR venography in cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;187:1637–1643.</ref>
**CT venography is a reasonable alternative
*CT venography is a reasonable alternative if there is a contraindication to MRV and may have a similar sensitivity to MRV in recent studies<ref name="rads"></ref><ref>Rodallec MH, Krainik A, Feydy A et-al. Cerebral venous thrombosis and multidetector CT angiography: tips and tricks. Radiographics. 2006;26 Suppl 1 (suppl_1): S5-18.</ref>
***Has been found to have similar sensitivity to MRV in recent studies
**May see "Empty delta sign" dense triangle in superior sagittal sinus<ref>Lee Emil J. Y. “The Empty Delta Sign.” Radiology. 224(3). 2002. 788-789.</ref>
**Non contrast CT possesses insufficient sensitivity or specificity to be of diagnostic value in the setting of high clinical suspicion
**Cord sign: thrombus in the cerebral sinus may appear as a hyperattenuated foci. It is homogenous in nature and appears linear or round based on the affected sinus. This is most commonly seen in the first week. <ref>Ram K. P. Vijay. "The Cord Sign."Radiology. 2006; 240:299-300.</ref>
***May see "Delta sign" dense triangle in superior sagittal sinus
**Vein Sign: After two weeks, the thrombus becomes hypoattenuated. When the thrombus is located in the deep vein it is referred to as the vein sign. <ref>Linn J, Pfefferkorn T. "Noncontrast CT in Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Sinus Thrombosis: Comparison of Its Diagnostic Value for Both Entities."AJNR Am J Neuroradiology. 2010; 30: 728-735. </ref>
*Labs
*Non contrast [[head CT|CT]] possesses insufficient sensitivity or specificity to be of diagnostic value in the setting of high clinical suspicion
**D-Dimer has been proposed as a possible screening tool in low risk patients, but still needs further investigation
 
===Labs===
*[[D-Dimer]] is not a reliable test to rule out a cerebral venous thrombosis<ref>Crassard I, Soria C, Tzourio C, Woimant F, Drouet L, Ducros A, Bousser MG. A negative D-dimer assay does not rule out cerebral venous thrombosis: a series of seventy-three patients. Stroke 2005;36:1716 –1719.</ref>
*In patients with a concern for [[meningitis]] then pursue diagnosis via standard workup which includes a [[CT before lumbar puncture]]
 
==Management==
===Anticoagulation===
*[[Heparin]] or [[low molecular weight heparin]]
**Of note, heparin initial bolus is 3000-5000U, lower than the dosing for PE/DVT
*Eventual transition to oral anticoagulation for a 3-6 month duration
===[[Seizure]] prophylaxis===
*Only required if the patient has a [[seizure]]<ref>Ferro JM et al. Early seizures in cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: risk factors and role of antiepileptics. Stroke 2008;39:1152–1158.</ref>


== Treatment ==
===Supportive care===
*Anticoagulation
*Frequent neurologic checks and clinical monitoring for [[increased ICP]]
**[[Heparin]] or [[low molecular weight heparin]]
*Neurology or neurosurgical consultation depending on institutional resources
***Of note, heparin initial bolus is 3000-5000U, lower than the dosing for PE/DVT
**Eventual transition to oral anticoagulation for a 3-6 month duration
*Seizure prophylaxis
**If present with [[seizures]]
*Supportive care  
*Monitoring for [[increased ICP]]


===Acute Decompensation===
===Acute Decompensation===
*Consider
*If persistent or severe [[elevated intracranial pressure]] a hemicraniectomy may be necessary
**Hemicraniectomy
*Intravascular [[thrombolytics]] (either catheter guided or systemic) in coordination with neurology may be required if the patient experiences rapidly progressing decompensation<ref>38.Dentali F et al. Safety of thrombolysis in cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic review of the literature. Thromb Haemost 2010;104:1055–1062.</ref>
*Intravascular thrombolytics


== Disposition ==
==Disposition==
*Admission
*Admission
**To a level of care capable of frequent neurologic monitoring
**To a level of care capable of frequent neurologic monitoring.  Inpatient, the patient should also have a evaluation for a coagulopathy.


==See Also==
==See Also==
Line 66: Line 78:


==References==
==References==
 
<references/>
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]

Revision as of 00:23, 3 October 2019

The cavernous sinus is one of the several cerebral veins and cavernous sinus thrombosis is a specific type of cerebral venous (sinus) thrombosis. See that article for a discussion of that specific clinical entity.

Background

Cerebral Veins
  • Occlusion of venous sinus (most commonly superior sagittal and lateral sinuses) by thrombus[1]
  • No precise prevalence or incidence established due to rarity of condition. However the disease is more prevalent in patients with thrombophilia, oral contraceptive use, and during pregnancy.[2]
  • Median Age ~ 37 years[2]
  • Female:Male ratio 3:1[2]

Predisposing factors

Clinical Features

Clinical presentation varies depending on location, acuity, and severity of thrombosis. More gradual onset of symptoms or thrombosis allows for compensatory collateral venous system to develop

Common Symptoms

Symptoms are variable and may not all be present[3]

Sinus thrombosis.jpg

Neurodefecits

Although presentation can be highly variable, neurodefecits can be correlated with the location of the occlusion[3]

Differential Diagnosis

Headache

Common

Killers

Maimers

Others

Aseptic Meningitis

Evaluation

Sagital sinus thrombosis on CT

Suspect in patients with headache, signs of increased ICP, or focal neurologic deficits, especially if any of above predisposing factors are present

Imaging

  • MRI and MRV are considered diagnostic study of choice[4]
  • CT venography is a reasonable alternative if there is a contraindication to MRV and may have a similar sensitivity to MRV in recent studies[4][5]
    • May see "Empty delta sign" dense triangle in superior sagittal sinus[6]
    • Cord sign: thrombus in the cerebral sinus may appear as a hyperattenuated foci. It is homogenous in nature and appears linear or round based on the affected sinus. This is most commonly seen in the first week. [7]
    • Vein Sign: After two weeks, the thrombus becomes hypoattenuated. When the thrombus is located in the deep vein it is referred to as the vein sign. [8]
  • Non contrast CT possesses insufficient sensitivity or specificity to be of diagnostic value in the setting of high clinical suspicion

Labs

Management

Anticoagulation

  • Heparin or low molecular weight heparin
    • Of note, heparin initial bolus is 3000-5000U, lower than the dosing for PE/DVT
  • Eventual transition to oral anticoagulation for a 3-6 month duration

Seizure prophylaxis

Supportive care

  • Frequent neurologic checks and clinical monitoring for increased ICP
  • Neurology or neurosurgical consultation depending on institutional resources

Acute Decompensation

  • If persistent or severe elevated intracranial pressure a hemicraniectomy may be necessary
  • Intravascular thrombolytics (either catheter guided or systemic) in coordination with neurology may be required if the patient experiences rapidly progressing decompensation[11]

Disposition

  • Admission
    • To a level of care capable of frequent neurologic monitoring. Inpatient, the patient should also have a evaluation for a coagulopathy.

See Also

References

  1. Piazza G. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Circulation 2012;125:1704-1709.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bousser MG, Ferro JM. Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6:162-70.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Stam J. Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1791–8.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Khandelwal N et al. Comparison of CT venography with MR venography in cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;187:1637–1643.
  5. Rodallec MH, Krainik A, Feydy A et-al. Cerebral venous thrombosis and multidetector CT angiography: tips and tricks. Radiographics. 2006;26 Suppl 1 (suppl_1): S5-18.
  6. Lee Emil J. Y. “The Empty Delta Sign.” Radiology. 224(3). 2002. 788-789.
  7. Ram K. P. Vijay. "The Cord Sign."Radiology. 2006; 240:299-300.
  8. Linn J, Pfefferkorn T. "Noncontrast CT in Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Sinus Thrombosis: Comparison of Its Diagnostic Value for Both Entities."AJNR Am J Neuroradiology. 2010; 30: 728-735.
  9. Crassard I, Soria C, Tzourio C, Woimant F, Drouet L, Ducros A, Bousser MG. A negative D-dimer assay does not rule out cerebral venous thrombosis: a series of seventy-three patients. Stroke 2005;36:1716 –1719.
  10. Ferro JM et al. Early seizures in cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: risk factors and role of antiepileptics. Stroke 2008;39:1152–1158.
  11. 38.Dentali F et al. Safety of thrombolysis in cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic review of the literature. Thromb Haemost 2010;104:1055–1062.