Dental avulsion: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==
*Dental emergency
[[File:Enamel.png|thumb|Diagram of the tooth displaying the enamel, dentin, and pulp]]
{{Dental numbers}}
*Dental emergency; for every minute that a permanent tooth remains out of the socket, the chance of successful reimplantation goes down by 1% <ref>Amsterdam JT. Oral medicine. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al., eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 8th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 2014; (Ch) 70:895–908.</ref>
*Tooth is completely removed from its socket
*Tooth is completely removed from its socket
*Often associated with alveolar ridge fracture
*Often associated with alveolar ridge fracture


==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Features==
*Where is the tooth?
[[File:PMC4355813 CRID2015-197202.006.png|thumb|Avulsion of the right upper incisor.]]
**It may be intruded, aspirated, swallowed, or embedded in the oral mucosa
[[File:PMC3214533 CCD-2-226-g003.png|thumb|Avulsed tooth]]
**Consider facial films, CXR
*Tooth missing from socket
*Additional Injuries?
*History of recent trauma
*Age and head bleed risk?


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{Template:Dental Problems DDX}}
{{Dental Problems DDX}}
 
==Evaluation==
===Work-up===
*Consider facial films, abdominal films, or CXR if possibility of tooth aspiration or ingestion
 
===Evaluation===
*Determine when avulsion occurred and what storage solution used
**If re-implanting, best viability with immediate storage in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution, worst viability without any storage medium
*Account for all teeth
**Aspiration or swallowed
**Rule out fragments in lacerations/oropharyngeal space, or significant intrusive luxation/impaction
*Determine if tooth is primary or secondary
*Tetanus status


==Management==
==Management==
===Adult===
===Adult===
*Replace avulsed tooth as soon as possible (as long as no alveolar ridge fx, no severe socket injury)
*Replace avulsed tooth as soon as possible with local analgesia ± dental block (as long as no alveolar ridge fracture or severe socket injury)
**If reimplanted within 1hr 66% chance of good outcome
**If reimplanted within 1hr 66% chance of good outcome
**Rinse (no scrubing!) tooth in saline, suction socket (if necessary), reimplant tooth, bond tooth to neighboring teeth
**Rinse ('''no scrubbing'''!) tooth in saline
**Manipulate tooth only by the crown
**Manipulate tooth '''only by the crown''' (Avoid touching root to minimize damage to periodontal ligament)
**Avoid touching root to minimize damage to periodontal ligament
**Splint tooth with adjacent teeth
*Storage solution (in order of efficacy): Hank's balanced salt solution > Milk > saliva > saline
*If extraoral time > 60 min, soak in citric acid/fluoride and consult dentist<ref>Mayersak, RJ. Facial trauma, in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 7. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2010, (Ch) 42: 368-81.</ref>
*[[Penicillin]] or [[clindamycin]]
*Storage solution (in order of efficacy): '''Hank's Balanced Salt Solution''' or '''Oral Rehydration Solution''' (e.g. Pedialyte) > '''Milk''' > saliva > saline
*[[Doxycycline]] 100mg PO BID x 1week (helps periodontal ligaments heal)
*[[Penicillin]] '''OR''' [[Clindamycin]] are alternatives, especially in pediatrics
*[[Tetanus prophylaxis|Tetanus]] update


===Child===
===Child===
*Do not re-implant primary teeth
*Do not re-implant primary teeth
**Increased risk of interference with the eruption of the permanent tooth<ref>Amsterdam JT: Oral Medicine, in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 7. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2010, (Ch) 68:p 853-856</ref>
**Increased risk of interference with the eruption of the permanent tooth<ref>Amsterdam JT: Oral Medicine, in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 7. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2010, (Ch) 68:p 853-856</ref>
*Refer to pedodontist for space maintainer
*Refer to pediatric dentist for space maintainer within 1-2 weeks.<ref>Benko, K. Acute Dental Emergencies in EM. EM Practice. 2003, 5(5)</ref>
===Length of Periodontal Ligament Cell Viability Based On Storage Medium <ref>Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, 9th edition, Ron M. Walls, Robert S. Hockberger, Marianne Gausche-Hill, et al. Oral Medicine. Copyright 2017</ref>===
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Storage Medium'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Length of Periodontal Ligament Viability'''
|-
| Dry (no storage medium)||< 60 minutes
|-
| Milk||3 to 8 hours
|-
| Oral rehydration solution||12 to 24 hours
|-
| Hanks’ balanced salt solution||12 to 24 hours
|}
 
==Disposition==
*Discharge with dental follow-up on liquid diet
*Should be seen within 24-48 hours as splint only lasts up to 48 hours


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Dental Problems]]
*[[Dental Problems]]


== Source ==
===External Links===
 
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:ENT]]
 
[[Category:ENT]] [[category:Trauma]]

Latest revision as of 19:52, 6 July 2022

Background

Diagram of the tooth displaying the enamel, dentin, and pulp

Dental Numbering

Classic dental numbering.
  • Adult (permanent) teeth identified by numbers
    • From the midline to the back of the mouth on each side, there is a central incisor, a lateral incisor, a canine, two premolars (bicuspids), and three molars
  • Children (non-permanent) teeth identified by letters
  • Common landmarks:
    • 1: Right upper wisdom
    • 8 & 9: Upper incisors
    • 16: Left upper wisdom
    • 17: Left lower wisdom
    • 24 & 25: Lower incisors
    • 32: Right lower wisdom
  • Dental emergency; for every minute that a permanent tooth remains out of the socket, the chance of successful reimplantation goes down by 1% [1]
  • Tooth is completely removed from its socket
  • Often associated with alveolar ridge fracture

Clinical Features

Avulsion of the right upper incisor.
Avulsed tooth
  • Tooth missing from socket
  • History of recent trauma

Differential Diagnosis

Dentoalveolar Injuries

Odontogenic Infections

Other

Evaluation

Work-up

  • Consider facial films, abdominal films, or CXR if possibility of tooth aspiration or ingestion

Evaluation

  • Determine when avulsion occurred and what storage solution used
    • If re-implanting, best viability with immediate storage in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution, worst viability without any storage medium
  • Account for all teeth
    • Aspiration or swallowed
    • Rule out fragments in lacerations/oropharyngeal space, or significant intrusive luxation/impaction
  • Determine if tooth is primary or secondary
  • Tetanus status

Management

Adult

  • Replace avulsed tooth as soon as possible with local analgesia ± dental block (as long as no alveolar ridge fracture or severe socket injury)
    • If reimplanted within 1hr 66% chance of good outcome
    • Rinse (no scrubbing!) tooth in saline
    • Manipulate tooth only by the crown (Avoid touching root to minimize damage to periodontal ligament)
    • Splint tooth with adjacent teeth
  • If extraoral time > 60 min, soak in citric acid/fluoride and consult dentist[2]
  • Storage solution (in order of efficacy): Hank's Balanced Salt Solution or Oral Rehydration Solution (e.g. Pedialyte) > Milk > saliva > saline
  • Doxycycline 100mg PO BID x 1week (helps periodontal ligaments heal)
  • Penicillin OR Clindamycin are alternatives, especially in pediatrics
  • Tetanus update

Child

  • Do not re-implant primary teeth
    • Increased risk of interference with the eruption of the permanent tooth[3]
  • Refer to pediatric dentist for space maintainer within 1-2 weeks.[4]

Length of Periodontal Ligament Cell Viability Based On Storage Medium [5]

Storage Medium Length of Periodontal Ligament Viability
Dry (no storage medium) < 60 minutes
Milk 3 to 8 hours
Oral rehydration solution 12 to 24 hours
Hanks’ balanced salt solution 12 to 24 hours

Disposition

  • Discharge with dental follow-up on liquid diet
  • Should be seen within 24-48 hours as splint only lasts up to 48 hours

See Also

External Links

References

  1. Amsterdam JT. Oral medicine. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al., eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 8th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 2014; (Ch) 70:895–908.
  2. Mayersak, RJ. Facial trauma, in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 7. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2010, (Ch) 42: 368-81.
  3. Amsterdam JT: Oral Medicine, in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 7. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2010, (Ch) 68:p 853-856
  4. Benko, K. Acute Dental Emergencies in EM. EM Practice. 2003, 5(5)
  5. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, 9th edition, Ron M. Walls, Robert S. Hockberger, Marianne Gausche-Hill, et al. Oral Medicine. Copyright 2017