Diabetes mellitus (main): Difference between revisions

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***Check CBC, BMP, and ketones (if sick, additionally see [[DKA]] workup)
***Check CBC, BMP, and ketones (if sick, additionally see [[DKA]] workup)
***UA is only necessary if you are ruling out urinary infection or do not have serum ketones available and are using it as a screening mechanism
***UA is only necessary if you are ruling out urinary infection or do not have serum ketones available and are using it as a screening mechanism
===American Diabetes Association Diagnostic Criteria===
Need 1 of the following:<ref>American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2013. Diabetes Care 2013; 36 Suppl 1:S11.</ref>
*HbA1C ≥6.5%
*FPG ≥126mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least eight hours
*Two-hour plasma glucose ≥200mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an oral glucose tolerance test
*In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose ≥200mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
**Most common way diagnosed in ED


==Management==
==Management==
*May consider IV hydration or IV insulin administered in the ED
*There is no need to treat the glucose "number" (i.e. [[nonketotic hyperglycemia]] in the emergency setting (i.e. with insulin)
*All patients with diabetes newly diagnosed in the ED will require reliable follow-up for education and blood sugar monitoring
**[[EBQ:Relevance of Discharge Glucose Levels|Higher discharge glucose levels are not associated with a greater risk of repeated ED visits, hospitalization, or other adverse outcomes.]]
*May consider discharging patient with prescription for metformin, starting dose is 850 mg daily
*For [[HHS|hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]], [[DKA]], or another specific process see that particular page
 
{{DM outpatient managment}}
 
==Disposition==
*Asymptomatic patients or those with [[nonketotic hyperglycemia]] can be discharged with follow up with primary care physician<ref>[[EBQ:Relevance of Discharge Glucose Levels]]</ref>


==See Also==
==See Also==
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*[[EBQ:Sodium_Bicarbonate_use_in_DKA|Evidence Review Sodium Bicarbonate in DKA]]
*[[EBQ:Sodium_Bicarbonate_use_in_DKA|Evidence Review Sodium Bicarbonate in DKA]]
*[[EBQ:Relevance of Discharge Glucose Levels]]
*[[EBQ:Relevance of Discharge Glucose Levels]]
==References==
<references/>


[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]

Revision as of 04:15, 10 November 2018

Background

  • Growing in worldwide prevalence
  • Results from either inability of the body to release insulin from the pancreas or a resistance against the actions of insulin

Clinical Features

  • Patients with diabetes may be asymptomatic
  • Acute symptoms range from those of nonketotic hyperglycemia (e.g. polyuria, polydipsia) to DKA (ill appearance, acetone breath, Kussmaul's breathing, somnolence)

Differential Diagnosis

Hyperglycemia

Evaluation

  • Diabetes mellitus itself is not normally a diagnosis sought in the emergency department (i.e. via A1C)
  • Hyperglycemia can be found on laboratory testing
    • Asymptomatic patients do not necessarily require additional testing
    • Symptomatic or potentially symptomatic patients require additional testing
      • Check CBC, BMP, and ketones (if sick, additionally see DKA workup)
      • UA is only necessary if you are ruling out urinary infection or do not have serum ketones available and are using it as a screening mechanism

American Diabetes Association Diagnostic Criteria

Need 1 of the following:[1]

  • HbA1C ≥6.5%
  • FPG ≥126mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least eight hours
  • Two-hour plasma glucose ≥200mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an oral glucose tolerance test
  • In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose ≥200mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
    • Most common way diagnosed in ED

Management

Type II Diabetes Outpatient Management

  • 1st line: Metformin 500mg BID → 1000mg BID, do not give in people with abnormal LFT's, CHF Stage 3/4 and ARI, CKD
  • 2nd Agent: Glipizide start 2.5mg BID → 5mg BID, need to monitor for hypoglycemia
  • 3rd Agent: Pioglitazone
  • After 3 agents: need to start insulin if not controlled
    • NPH BID or Lantus Qday (0.1 to 0.2mg/kg) and titrate to Fasting Blood Sugar

Disposition

See Also

References

  1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2013. Diabetes Care 2013; 36 Suppl 1:S11.
  2. EBQ:Relevance of Discharge Glucose Levels