Diabetic foot infection: Difference between revisions

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==Background ==
==Background==
*1st key factor is to assess extent and depth of ulcer (typically more extensive than they appear)
*75% of patients have polymicrobial infection, usu 70% are [[gram positive]]
**Ulcer depth is important predictor of healing rate, osteomyelitis (OM) & risk of amputation.  
**Severe limb/life threatening infection are more likely to involve [[gram negative]] aerobic & [[anaerobic bacteria]] as well.
*Failure of ulcer to heal by 50% or more after 1 month of Rx is a strong predictor that the ulcer is unlikely to heal after 3 mos.  
**[[MRSA]] is increasing in frequency
*75% of patients hv polymicrobial inf, usu 70% are g+. Severe limb/life threatening inf are more likely to involve g- aerobic & anaerobic bacteria w/ g+. MRSA is incr in freq.
*Ulcer depth is important predictor of healing rate, [[osteomyelitis]] (OM) & risk of amputation.  
*50% or more of patients w/ SEVERE diabetic foot inf have no s/s of systemic tox (ie fever, tachy, incr wbc or Lt shift)
*Failure of ulcer to heal by 50% or more after 1 month of treatment is a strong predictor that the ulcer is unlikely to heal after 3 months.  
*Recurrence of amputation is 50-70% over 3-5 yrs. Overall, 50-80% will heal w/in 6 mos w/ optimal care.  
*Recurrence or amputation is 50-70% over 3-5 yrs. Overall, 50-80% will heal within 6 months with optimal care.  
*DM ulcers usually occur at areas of increased pressure (sole of foot) or friction  
 
==Clinical Features==
[[File:PMC2788600 vhrm-5-949f1.png|thumb|Infection in ulcer bed with mild surrounding erythema (''not'' probe-able to bone)]]
[[File:PMC3464072 DFA-3-18693-g011.png|thumb|Classic diabetic plantar ulcer overlying the third metatarsal head with purulent drainage. Ability to probe to bone confirmed osteomyelitis.]]
[[File:Neuropathic heel ulcer diabetic.jpg|thumb|Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcer.]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]] ulcers usually occur at areas of increased pressure (sole of foot) or friction  
**Venous ulcers usually present above malleoli with irregular borders  
**Venous ulcers usually present above malleoli with irregular borders  
**Arterial ulcers usually found on the toes or shins, with pale, "punched-out" borders (typically painful)
**Arterial ulcers usually found on the toes or shins, with pale, "punched-out" borders (typically painful)
 
*Often history of minor/unnoticed trauma such as ill-fitting footwear
==Clinical Presentation==
===HPI  ===
 
*Ask about recent trauma  
*Duration of current lesions
*Associated systemic symptoms
*Prior treatments
 
===Physical Exam  ===
*Determine ulcer location, dimensions, depth, and appearance
*Note hair and nail growth, determine vascular status (palpate DP, PT, and popliteal pulse)  
*Note hair and nail growth, determine vascular status (palpate DP, PT, and popliteal pulse)  
*Probe ulceration site, note involvement of bone, joint, tendon, or sinus tract formation  
*Probe ulceration site, note involvement of bone, joint, tendon, or sinus tract formation  
**Often more extensive than initially appear
**Use sterile probe, if hit bone chance of OM 90% higher
**Use sterile probe, if hit bone chance of OM 90% higher
*+/- systemic symptoms (e.g. [[fever]], malaise)
*50% or more of patients with SEVERE diabetic foot infections will have no systemic signs and symptoms of infection (i.e. fever, tachycardia, leukocytosis, left shift)
*[[Diabetes mellitus]] foot ulcer infection presumed if:
**2 or more of following: erythema, warmth, tenderness, or swelling
**OR if pus coming from ulcer site or nearby sinus tract
*Severe diabetes mellitus foot infection if:
**Abnormal vital signs
**Rim of erythema surrounding ulcer or ulcer >2 cm in diameter
**Lymphangitic streaking or signs of fasciitis (crepitus, skip lesions, severe tenderness, bullae), or if probe reaches bone/joint/tendon


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{Foot diagnoses}}
{{Foot infection}}


{{Hyperglycemia DDX}}
{{Hyperglycemia DDX}}


==Diagnosis  ==
==Evaluation==
*Determine presence/extent of infection and likelihood of OM/fasciitis
===Workup===
*Consider Charcot arthropathy (diabetic neuropathic osteoarthropathy), commonly missed dx, requiring very different management (total contact cast, NWB)
*Obtain ABI on all patients with: nonpalpable DP/PT, claudication symptoms, ischemic foot pain  
*DM foot ulcer infection presumed if:
**Consider vascular consult if abnormal:  
**2 or more of following: erythema, warmth, tenderness, or swelling
***ABI <0.4 (severe obstruction)  
**OR if pus coming from ulcer site or nearby sinus tract
*Severe DM foot infection if:
**Abnormal vital signs
**Rim of erythema surrounding ulcer or ulcer &gt;2 cm in diameter
**Lymphangitic streaking or signs of fasciitis (crepitus, skip lesions, severe TTP, bullae), or if probe reaches bone/joint/tendon
*Obtain ABI on all patients with: nonpalpable DP/PT, claudication sx, ischemic foot pain  
**Call vascular if:  
***ABI &lt;0.4 (severe obstruction)  
***ABI 0.4-0.69 (mod obstruction)
***ABI 0.4-0.69 (mod obstruction)


===Imaging ===
====Labs====
*X-rays to detect soft tissue gas, FB, OM, or structural foot deformities  
*Chem 10, CBC, Coags, A1c, consider ESR/CRP (useful for monitoring response to treatment)
**OM x-ray changes occur late in dz, negative xrays do not exclude OM
*ESR >40 increased chance of OM 12 fold, an ESR >70 makes diagnosis nearly certain.
 
====Imaging====
*X-rays to detect soft tissue gas, foreign body, OM, or structural foot deformities  
**OM: x-ray changes occur late in disease, negative xrays do not exclude  
*MRI to eval for OM (not usually done in ED)
*MRI to eval for OM (not usually done in ED)


===Labs  ===
===Diagnosis===
*Chem 10, CBC, Coags, A1c, consider ESR/CRP (useful for monitoring response to Rx)  
*Determine presence/extent of infection and likelihood of OM/fasciitis
*ESR &gt;40 incr chance of OM 12 fold, an ESR &gt;70 makes dx nearly certain.
*Consider Charcot arthropathy (diabetic neuropathic osteoarthropathy)
**commonly missed diagnosis
**requires different management (total contact cast, NWB)


===Likelihood of OM  ===
====Likelihood of Osteomyelitis====
*Factors that increase likelihood of OM:  
*Factors that increase likelihood of osteomyelitis:  
**Visible bone or probe to bone  
**Visible bone or probe to bone  
**Ulcer >2cm in size  
**Ulcer >2cm in size  
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**Ulcer duration >2 weeks
**Ulcer duration >2 weeks


==Treatment==
==Management==
===Noninfected chronic wounds<ref name="IDSA">2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections [http://www.idsociety.org/uploadedFiles/IDSA/Guidelines-Patient_Care/PDF_Library/2012%20Diabetic%20Foot%20Infections%20Guideline.pdf full text]</ref>===
===Non-infected chronic wounds<ref name="IDSA">2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections [http://www.idsociety.org/uploadedFiles/IDSA/Guidelines-Patient_Care/PDF_Library/2012%20Diabetic%20Foot%20Infections%20Guideline.pdf full text]</ref>===
*Prophylactic antibiotics not indcated
*Prophylactic antibiotics not indicated
*For clinically uninfected wounds, do not collect a specimen for culture
*For clinically uninfected wounds, do not collect a specimen for culture
*Moist dressing to allow for healing and proper footwear to prevent worsening abrasions
*Moist dressing to allow for healing and proper footwear to prevent worsening abrasions


===Infected Wounds<ref name="IDSA"></ref>===
===Infected Wounds<ref name="IDSA"></ref>===
*Obtain specimens for culture prior tostarting empiric antibiotic therapy. However cultures may be unnecessary for a mild infection in a patients who have not recently received antibiotic therapy.
*Consider wound culture prior to starting empiric antibiotic therapy. However cultures may be unnecessary for a mild infection in a patients who have not recently received antibiotic therapy.
*Coverage is targeted at [[MSSA]] + [[Streptococcus Genus|Strep]])
*Coverage is targeted at [[MSSA]] + [[Streptococcus Genus|Strep]])
*Strict non-weight bearing, tight glycemic control, meticulous wound care
*Strict non-weight bearing, tight glycemic control, meticulous wound care
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===[[Antibiotics]]===
===[[Antibiotics]]===
{{Diabetic foot infection antibiotics}}
{{Diabetic foot infection antibiotics}}
==Disposition==
*Non-infected chronic wounds: outpatient management
*Infected Wounds: Low threshold for admission vs. outpatient management with antibiotics
*Severe infection: Admit with surgical consult


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Foot Diagnoses]]
*[[Foot diagnoses]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
*[[Neuropathic pain]]
*[[Neuropathic pain]]
*[[Wound care dressing basics]]
==External Links==


==References ==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>


[[Category:ID]]  
[[Category:ID]]  
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]

Latest revision as of 16:29, 10 September 2020

Background

  • 75% of patients have polymicrobial infection, usu 70% are gram positive
  • Ulcer depth is important predictor of healing rate, osteomyelitis (OM) & risk of amputation.
  • Failure of ulcer to heal by 50% or more after 1 month of treatment is a strong predictor that the ulcer is unlikely to heal after 3 months.
  • Recurrence or amputation is 50-70% over 3-5 yrs. Overall, 50-80% will heal within 6 months with optimal care.

Clinical Features

Infection in ulcer bed with mild surrounding erythema (not probe-able to bone)
Classic diabetic plantar ulcer overlying the third metatarsal head with purulent drainage. Ability to probe to bone confirmed osteomyelitis.
Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcer.
  • Diabetes mellitus ulcers usually occur at areas of increased pressure (sole of foot) or friction
    • Venous ulcers usually present above malleoli with irregular borders
    • Arterial ulcers usually found on the toes or shins, with pale, "punched-out" borders (typically painful)
  • Often history of minor/unnoticed trauma such as ill-fitting footwear
  • Note hair and nail growth, determine vascular status (palpate DP, PT, and popliteal pulse)
  • Probe ulceration site, note involvement of bone, joint, tendon, or sinus tract formation
    • Often more extensive than initially appear
    • Use sterile probe, if hit bone chance of OM 90% higher
  • +/- systemic symptoms (e.g. fever, malaise)
  • 50% or more of patients with SEVERE diabetic foot infections will have no systemic signs and symptoms of infection (i.e. fever, tachycardia, leukocytosis, left shift)
  • Diabetes mellitus foot ulcer infection presumed if:
    • 2 or more of following: erythema, warmth, tenderness, or swelling
    • OR if pus coming from ulcer site or nearby sinus tract
  • Severe diabetes mellitus foot infection if:
    • Abnormal vital signs
    • Rim of erythema surrounding ulcer or ulcer >2 cm in diameter
    • Lymphangitic streaking or signs of fasciitis (crepitus, skip lesions, severe tenderness, bullae), or if probe reaches bone/joint/tendon

Differential Diagnosis

Foot infection

Look A-Likes

Hyperglycemia

Evaluation

Workup

  • Obtain ABI on all patients with: nonpalpable DP/PT, claudication symptoms, ischemic foot pain
    • Consider vascular consult if abnormal:
      • ABI <0.4 (severe obstruction)
      • ABI 0.4-0.69 (mod obstruction)

Labs

  • Chem 10, CBC, Coags, A1c, consider ESR/CRP (useful for monitoring response to treatment)
  • ESR >40 increased chance of OM 12 fold, an ESR >70 makes diagnosis nearly certain.

Imaging

  • X-rays to detect soft tissue gas, foreign body, OM, or structural foot deformities
    • OM: x-ray changes occur late in disease, negative xrays do not exclude
  • MRI to eval for OM (not usually done in ED)

Diagnosis

  • Determine presence/extent of infection and likelihood of OM/fasciitis
  • Consider Charcot arthropathy (diabetic neuropathic osteoarthropathy)
    • commonly missed diagnosis
    • requires different management (total contact cast, NWB)

Likelihood of Osteomyelitis

  • Factors that increase likelihood of osteomyelitis:
    • Visible bone or probe to bone
    • Ulcer >2cm in size
    • ESR >70
    • Ulcer duration >2 weeks

Management

Non-infected chronic wounds[1]

  • Prophylactic antibiotics not indicated
  • For clinically uninfected wounds, do not collect a specimen for culture
  • Moist dressing to allow for healing and proper footwear to prevent worsening abrasions

Infected Wounds[1]

  • Consider wound culture prior to starting empiric antibiotic therapy. However cultures may be unnecessary for a mild infection in a patients who have not recently received antibiotic therapy.
  • Coverage is targeted at MSSA + Strep)
  • Strict non-weight bearing, tight glycemic control, meticulous wound care

Severe infection[1]

  • Admit with surgical consult
  • Empiric therapy directed at Pseudomonas aeruginosa is NOT necessary except for patients with risk factors for true infection with this organism
  • MRSA coverage in a patient with a prior history of MRSA infection

Antibiotics

Associated organisms include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, Proteus, Bacteroides, and Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella

Superficial Mild Infections

Prior antibiotic treatment or moderate infections

Inpatient Treatment

Disposition

  • Non-infected chronic wounds: outpatient management
  • Infected Wounds: Low threshold for admission vs. outpatient management with antibiotics
  • Severe infection: Admit with surgical consult

See Also

External Links

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections full text