Epidural compression syndromes

Background

• Presentation and initial management are similar; difference is level of neuro deficit

Epidural compression syndromes

Sensory dermatome by spinal level.

• Syndromes
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Spinal cord compression (non-traumatic)
  • Cauda equina syndrome
  • Conus medullaris syndrome
• Causes
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Epidural abscess (spinal)
  • Epidural hematoma (spinal)
  • Syringomyelia

Etiology

• Epidural abscess
• Malignancy
• Massive mid-line disk herniation
• Spinal canal hemorrhage

Clinical Features

Epidural compression syndromes table

Syndrome	Spinal cord compression	Conus medullaris syndrome	Cauda equina syndrome
Location of lesion		Lesions at vertebral level L2
Spontaneous pain		Unusual and not severe; bilateral and symmetrical in perineum or thighs	Often very prominent and severe, asymmetrical, radicular
Motor findings	Deficits usually affect both legs but are often asymmetric	Not severe, symmetrical; rarely twitches	May be severe, asymmetrical, fibrillary twitches of paralyzed muscles are common
Sensory findings	Weakness in lower extremities, paresthesias/sensory deficits, gait difficulty	Saddle distribution, bilateral, symmetrical, disassociated sensory loss (impaired pain and temperature with sparing of tactile)	Saddle distribution (75% pts), may be asymmetrical, no dissociation of sensory loss
Reflex changes		Achilles reflex may be absent	Patellar and Achilles reflexes may be absent
Sphincter disturbance	Bladder and rectal sphincter paralysis usually reflect the involvement of S3-S5 nerve roots	Early and marked (both urinary and fecal)	Late and less severe (60-80% pts)
Male sexual function		Impaired early	Impairment less severe
Onset		Sudden and bilateral	Gradual and unilateral
Other			Urinary retention with or without overflow incontinence (Sn 90%, Sp 95%)

Differential Diagnosis

Lower Back Pain

• Spine related
  • Acute ligamentous injury
  • Acute muscle strain
  • Disk herniation (Sciatica)
  • Degenerative joint disease
  • Spondylolithesis
  • Epidural compression syndromes
    • Spinal cord compression (non-traumatic)
    • Cauda equina syndrome
    • Conus medullaris syndrome
    • Epidural abscess (spinal)
    • Epidural hematoma (spinal)
  • Thoracic and lumbar fractures and dislocations
  • Cancer metastasis
  • Spinal stenosis
  • Transverse myelitis
  • Vertebral osteomyelitis
  • Ankylosing spondylitis
  • Spondylolisthesis
  • Discitis
  • Spinal Infarct
• Renal disease
  • Kidney stone
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Nephrolithiasis
• Intra-abdominal
  • Abdominal aortic aneurysm
  • Ulcer perforation
  • Retrocecal appendicitis
  • Large bowel obstruction
  • Pancreatitis
• Pelvic disease
  • PID
• Other
  • Retroperitoneal hemorrhage/mass
  • Meningitis

Spinal Cord Syndromes

• Complete spinal cord transection syndrome
• Anterior cord syndrome
• Central cord syndrome
• Brown-Séquard syndrome
• Epidural compression syndromes
  • Spinal cord compression (non-traumatic)
  • Cauda equina syndrome
  • Conus medullaris syndrome
  • Epidural abscess (spinal)
  • Epidural hematoma (spinal)

Evaluation

• Emergent MRI
  • If considering compression due to neoplasm obtain scan of entire spine
• Consider Bladder scan/ultrasound for bladder volume (post-void residual)

Management

General Epidural Compression Syndrome Management

• Dexamethasone: at least 16 mg IV as soon as possible after assessment
  • Note: dexamethasone can be used to reduce compressive edema from epidural metastases, but is more likely to worsen an infection from spinal epidural abscess.
• Consult spine service
• Consider foley for bladder decompression

See Also

• Epidural Abscess (Spinal)
• Syringomyelia
• Neuro Exam
• Reflexes