Immunocompromised antibiotics

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Overview

The antibiotics listed are for common diseases in immunocompromised hosts

CMV Retinitis

Severe Vision Threatening

  • Ganciclovir intraocular implant for 8 months AND
    • Valganciclovir 900mg PO q12hrs x 14 days FOLLOWED BY 900mg PO q24hrs x 7 days

Peripheral lesions

  • Valganciclovir 900mg PO q12hrs x 21 days FOLLOWED BY 900mg PO q24hrs x 7 days

CMV esophagitis

  • Ganciclovir 5mg/kg IV q12hrs daily x 21 days (or until symptom resolution)
  • Foscarnet 90mg/kg IV q12 hrs daily x 21 days (or until symptom resolution)

CMV colitis

  • Ganciclovir 5mg/kg IV q12hrs x 21 days (or until resolution of symptoms)
  • Foscarnet 90mg/kg IV q12hrs daily x 21 days (or until resolution of symptoms)

CMV neurologic disease

  • Ganciclovir 5mg/kg IV q12hrs daily x 21 days FOLLOWED BY 5mg/kg IV q24hrs +
    • Foscarnet 90mg/kg IV q12hrs x 21 days THEN 90-120mg/kg IV q24hrs

CMV pneumonia

Cryptococcosis

Pulmonary (not AIDS associated)

  • Fluconazole 400mg PO IV q24hrs x 6-12 months OR
  • Itraconazole 200mg PO q12hrs daily x 6-12 months OR
  • Voriconazole 200mg PO q12hrs x 6-12 months

Pulmonary (with AIDS)

  • Fluconazole 400mg PO q24hrs x 6-12 months

Meningitis (not AIDs associated)

  • Amphotericin B 0.7-1mg/kg IV q24hrs AND Flucytosine 25mg/kg PO q6hrs x 4 weeks
    • Followed by Fluconazole 400mg PO q24hrs x 8 weeks

Meningitis (with AIDS)

  • Amphotericin B 0.7-1mg/kg IV q24hrs AND Flucytosine 25mg/kg PO q6hrs x 2 weeks
  • Initiation of HAART is delayed by 2 to 10 weeks to minimize the risk of immune reconstitution syndrome

Neutropenic Fever

Therapy is aimed at treating multiple flora that include Gram Negatives, Gram Positive Bacteria, Pseudomonas and if there is an indwelling catheter or high risk, then MRSA.

Inpatient

Outpatient

Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)

Mild Disease

  • TMP/SMX 2 DS tablets PO q8hrs daily OR
    • High incidence of allergy in HIV
  • Dapsone 100mg PO once daily + TMP 5mg/kg PO q8hrs OR
    • caution: dapsone can cause methemoglobinemia
  • Atavaquone 750mg PO q12hrs OR
  • Primaquine 30mg PO q24hrs + Clindamycin 450mg PO q8hrs

Severe Disease

  • TMP/SMX 5mg/kg IV q8hrs daily x 21 days OR
  • Pentamidine 4mg/kg IV daily infused over 60 minutes OR
    • Watch for side effects of hypoglycemia and hypotension
  • Primaquine 30mg PO once daily + Clindamycin 900mg IV q8hrs daily

Prophylaxis

  • TMP/SMX 1 double strength tablet daily, but one single strength tablet daily or one double-strength three times weekly is acceptable.[3]

Toxoplasmosis

Immunocompetent

Antibiotics only needed if patient has severe symptoms

Immunosprepressed

Pregnant

  • Spiramycin 1 g orally every 8 hours[4]
    • If amniotic fluid is positive treat with 3 weeks of pyrimethamine (50 mg/day orally) + sulfadiazine (3 g/day orally in 2-3 divided doses)
    • Alternate with a 3-week course of Spiramycin 1 g 3 times daily OR
  • Pyrimethamine (25 mg/day orally) and sulfadiazine (4 g/day orally) divided 2 or 4 times daily until delivery AND
    • Leucovorin 10-25 mg/day orally to prevent bone marrow suppression

See Also

Antibiotics by diagnosis

For antibiotics by organism see Microbiology (Main)

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Friefeld AG et al. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the IDSA. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52(4):e56-93 fulltext
  2. Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, et al. 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clinical Infectious Disease 2002; 34:730-751
  3. CDC Guidelines for Prophylaxis Against Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia for Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001957.htm
  4. Paquet C, Yudin MH. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: prevention, screening, and treatment. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. Jan 2013;35(1):78-9.