Infectious mononucleosis: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
*Caused by Epstein-Barr virus | *Caused by Epstein-Barr virus | ||
**CMV and HHV-6 may cause mononucleosis-like illnesses | **[[CMV]] and HHV-6 may cause mononucleosis-like illnesses | ||
==Clinical Features== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
*Triad of: | *Triad of: | ||
**Fever | **[[Fever]] | ||
**Pharyngitis | **[[Pharyngitis]] | ||
**Lymphadenopathy | **[[Lymphadenopathy]] | ||
*Symptoms | *Symptoms | ||
** | **Abrupt or insidious | ||
** | **[[Headache]], [[fever]], and malaise common, [[sore throat]] and lymphadenopathy follow | ||
*** | **[[Rash]] in 10-15% usually between 4th-6th day of illness | ||
*** | ***Red macular or maculopapular morbilliform [[rash]] of trunk & upper arms | ||
***Occasionally involves face, thigh and legs, periorbital & eyelid edema in 50% of cases | |||
*Previously treated as [[strep pharyngitis]] | |||
**Morbilliform [[rash]] can develop<ref>Luzuriaga K and Sullivan JL. Infectious mononucleosis. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362:1993-2000.</ref> | |||
***95% of patients on [[amoxicillin]] or [[ampicillin]] | |||
***40-60% with other beta-lactams | |||
*Illness typically 2-4 weeks, but malaise and fatigue may last for months | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | |||
{{Throat pain DDX}} | |||
== | {{Peds Rash DDX}} | ||
==Evaluation== | |||
===Work-up=== | |||
*CBC | |||
**Lymphocytosis (≥50% lymphocytes) | |||
***10% or more atypical lymphocytes | |||
***Hypersegmented neutrophils | |||
**[[Thrombocytopenia]] | |||
*[[LFTs]] | |||
**Elevations in AST and ALT is expected up to 5x | |||
*Heterophile antibody (monospot) test | *Heterophile antibody (monospot) test | ||
**Up to 25% of | **Up to 25% of patients in 1st week of symptoms may have false negative test<ref>Pitetti RD, Laus, S, and Wadowsky, RM. Clinical evaluation of a quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003; 22:736–739.</ref> | ||
**10% of | **10% of adult patients with EBV infection will be persistently negative | ||
* | **Up to 50% of pediatric patients will be persistently negative<ref>Papesch M and Watkins R. Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2001; 26(1):3-8.</ref> | ||
** | *EBV IgM Assay | ||
**Carries 97% sensitivity and 94% specificity at symptom onset<ref>Bruu, AL, et al. Evaluation of 12 commercial tests for detection of Epstein-Barr virus-specific and heterophile antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000; 7:451–456.</ref> | |||
*Suspected mononucleosis during pregnancy (also need to rule out other pathology): | |||
**[[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], and [[HIV]] | |||
== | ==Management== | ||
*Supportive | *Supportive | ||
*Avoid contact sports for 1-2 months<ref>O'Connor TE, Skinner LJ, Kiely P, Fenton JE. Return to contact sports following infectious mononucleosis: the role of serial ultrasonography. Ear Nose Throat J. 2011 Aug;90(8):E21-4.</ref> (decrease risk of splenic rupture) | |||
==Disposition== | |||
*Discharge | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
[[Category:ID]] | [[Category:ID]] | ||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] |
Revision as of 20:52, 11 November 2019
Background
- Caused by Epstein-Barr virus
- CMV and HHV-6 may cause mononucleosis-like illnesses
Clinical Features
- Triad of:
- Symptoms
- Abrupt or insidious
- Headache, fever, and malaise common, sore throat and lymphadenopathy follow
- Rash in 10-15% usually between 4th-6th day of illness
- Red macular or maculopapular morbilliform rash of trunk & upper arms
- Occasionally involves face, thigh and legs, periorbital & eyelid edema in 50% of cases
- Previously treated as strep pharyngitis
- Morbilliform rash can develop[1]
- 95% of patients on amoxicillin or ampicillin
- 40-60% with other beta-lactams
- Morbilliform rash can develop[1]
- Illness typically 2-4 weeks, but malaise and fatigue may last for months
Differential Diagnosis
Acute Sore Throat
Bacterial infections
- Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep Throat)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Diphtheria (C. diptheriae)
- Bacterial Tracheitis
Viral infections
- Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
- Patients with peritonsillar abscess have a 20% incidence of mononucleosis [2]
- Laryngitis
- Acute Bronchitis
- Rhinovirus
- Coronavirus
- Adenovirus
- Herpesvirus
- Influenza virus
- Coxsackie virus
- HIV (Acute Retroviral Syndrome)
Noninfectious
Other
- Deep neck space infection
- Peritonsillar Abscess (PTA)
- Epiglottitis
- Kawasaki disease
- Penetrating injury
- Caustic ingestion
- Lemierre's syndrome
- Peritonsillar cellulitis
- Lymphoma
- Internal carotid artery aneurysm
- Oral Thrush
- Parotitis
- Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage
- Vincent's angina
- Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Pediatric Rash
- Atopic dermatitis
- Bed bugs
- Contact dermatitis
- Drug rash
- Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease)
- Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
- Henoch-schonlein purpura (HSP)
- Herpangina
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Meningitis
- Measles
- Molluscum contagiosum
- Roseola infantum
- Rubella (German measles)
- Scabies
- Scarlet fever
- Smallpox
- Varicella (Chickenpox)
Evaluation
Work-up
- CBC
- Lymphocytosis (≥50% lymphocytes)
- 10% or more atypical lymphocytes
- Hypersegmented neutrophils
- Thrombocytopenia
- Lymphocytosis (≥50% lymphocytes)
- LFTs
- Elevations in AST and ALT is expected up to 5x
- Heterophile antibody (monospot) test
- EBV IgM Assay
- Carries 97% sensitivity and 94% specificity at symptom onset[5]
- Suspected mononucleosis during pregnancy (also need to rule out other pathology):
Management
- Supportive
- Avoid contact sports for 1-2 months[6] (decrease risk of splenic rupture)
Disposition
- Discharge
References
- ↑ Luzuriaga K and Sullivan JL. Infectious mononucleosis. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362:1993-2000.
- ↑ Melio, Frantz, and Laurel Berge. “Upper Respiratory Tract Infection.” In Rosen’s Emergency Medicine., 8th ed. Vol. 1, n.d.
- ↑ Pitetti RD, Laus, S, and Wadowsky, RM. Clinical evaluation of a quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003; 22:736–739.
- ↑ Papesch M and Watkins R. Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2001; 26(1):3-8.
- ↑ Bruu, AL, et al. Evaluation of 12 commercial tests for detection of Epstein-Barr virus-specific and heterophile antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000; 7:451–456.
- ↑ O'Connor TE, Skinner LJ, Kiely P, Fenton JE. Return to contact sports following infectious mononucleosis: the role of serial ultrasonography. Ear Nose Throat J. 2011 Aug;90(8):E21-4.