Intubation (peds): Difference between revisions

No edit summary
 
(10 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 16: Line 16:


==Pediatric Airway Equipment Sizes==  
==Pediatric Airway Equipment Sizes==  
===Los Angeles Airway Card<ref>Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles Airway Card</ref>===
{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Age'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Age'''
Line 48: Line 49:
| 16 - 18 y||>40||-||7.0 - 8.0||21 - 24||2||3||3.5 - 4
| 16 - 18 y||>40||-||7.0 - 8.0||21 - 24||2||3||3.5 - 4
|}
|}
<ref>Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles Airway Card</ref>




Line 68: Line 68:
**Neonate: Nasal septum to tragus in cm + 1 cm
**Neonate: Nasal septum to tragus in cm + 1 cm


*Atropine
*[[Atropine|Atropine]]
**While atropine is not routinely recommended for pretreatment before RSI, it has been frequently used for infants younger than one year due to their predilection for bradycardia during RSI. However, rare cases of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation have been seen in pretreatment of children, hence it is not recommended for this age group.<ref>Fleming B, McCollough M; Henderson SO. Myth: Atropine should be administered before succinylcholine for neonatal and pediatric intubation. Can J Emerg Med 2005;7(2):114-7</ref><ref>Tsou CH, Chiang CE, Kao T, et al. Atropine-triggered idiopathic ventricular tachycardia in an asymptomatic pediatric patient. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51:856</ref><ref>Fastle RK, Roback MG. Pediatric rapid sequence intubation: incidence of reflex bradycardia and effects of pretreatment with atropine. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004; 20:651</ref>
**While atropine is not routinely recommended for pretreatment before RSI, it has been frequently used for infants younger than one year due to their predilection for bradycardia during RSI. However, rare cases of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation have been seen in pretreatment of children, hence it is not recommended for this age group.<ref>Fleming B, McCollough M; Henderson SO. Myth: Atropine should be administered before succinylcholine for neonatal and pediatric intubation. Can J Emerg Med 2005;7(2):114-7</ref><ref>Tsou CH, Chiang CE, Kao T, et al. Atropine-triggered idiopathic ventricular tachycardia in an asymptomatic pediatric patient. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51:856</ref><ref>Fastle RK, Roback MG. Pediatric rapid sequence intubation: incidence of reflex bradycardia and effects of pretreatment with atropine. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004; 20:651</ref>


Line 89: Line 89:
**Large occiput--> may need shoulder roll to get ear to sternal notch aligned
**Large occiput--> may need shoulder roll to get ear to sternal notch aligned
**Relatively larger tongue, small mouth
**Relatively larger tongue, small mouth
**More anterior larynx
**More anterior and superior larynx<ref>Nagler J, Mick NW. Airway Management for the Pediatric Patient. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, et al., eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2018:(Ch) 161.</ref>
***Glottic opening at level of C1 in infants
***Transitions to C3/4 by age 7 years
***At C5 by adulthood
**Narrowest portion of airway is at cricoid cartilage (as opposed to vocal cords in adults)
**Larger/floppier epiglottis
**Larger/floppier epiglottis
**Short trachea--> easy to mainstem tube, easy for accidental tube dislodgement
**Short trachea--> easy to mainstem tube, easy for accidental tube dislodgement
Line 96: Line 100:


# Numbered list item
# Numbered list item
==Neonatal Intubation==
==Neonatal Intubation==
{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
Line 136: Line 141:
**[[Fentanyl]] 1mcg/kg
**[[Fentanyl]] 1mcg/kg
**[[Etomidate]] 0.3mg/kg
**[[Etomidate]] 0.3mg/kg
*[[Neuromuscular blocking agents|Paralytic]]- consider double dose in shock
*[[Neuromuscular blocking agents|Paralytic]] (Consider doubling dose in shock)
**[[Rocuronium]] 1.2mg/kg
**[[Rocuronium]] 1.2mg/kg
***Preferred as may not yet be aware of preexisting conditions that would make sux contraindicated  
***Preferred as may not yet be aware of preexisting conditions that would make sux contraindicated  
**[[Succinylcholine]] 1.5mg/kg
**[[Succinylcholine]] 1.5mg/kg


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Critical care quick reference]]
{{Pediatric critical care pages}}
*[[PALS (Main)]]
*[[Pediatric Vital Signs]]
*[[Neonatal resuscitation]], [[newborn resuscitation]]
*[[Pediatric jet ventilation]]
*[[The difficult airway]]
 
{{Related Difficult Airway Pages}}
{{Related Difficult Airway Pages}}
{{Mechanical ventilation pages}}
{{Mechanical ventilation pages}}
Line 155: Line 153:
==External Links==
==External Links==
*Practical pediatric RSI/vent algorithm: http://pemsource.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/RSI-and-Ventilator-Settings-Algorithm.pdf
*Practical pediatric RSI/vent algorithm: http://pemsource.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/RSI-and-Ventilator-Settings-Algorithm.pdf
*Adventures in RSI from Pediatric Emergency Playbook (with preferred agents in different patients) http://pemplaybook.org/podcast/adventures-in-rsi/


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
Adapted from Pani, DeBonis


[[Category:Critical Care]]
[[Category:Critical Care]]

Latest revision as of 17:38, 11 January 2021

This page is for pediatric patients. For adult patients, see: intubation. See critical care quick reference for pre-calculated airway sizes by weight.

Airway Adjuncts

Airway Placement
Nasopharyngeal Tip of nose to tragus
Oropharyngeal From lip/teeth to angle of jaw
Bag valve mask 10cc/kg

LMA size = Wt(kg)/20 + 1

Pediatric Airway Equipment Sizes

Los Angeles Airway Card[1]

Age Weight (kg) Cuffless Cuffed Depth (cm) Miller Macintosh LMA Size
Preterm <1 2.5 - 6 - 7 Miller 00 or 0 - 1
Preterm 1 - 2.5 3.0 - 7 - 9 Miller 0 - 1
Neonate 2.5 - 4 3.0 - 10 Miller 0 - 1
6mo 6 - 7.5 3.5 3.0 10 - 11 1 - 1.5
1 year 10 4.0 3.5 12 1 - 1.5
2 - 3 y 12 - 14 4.5 - 5.0 4.0 - 4.5 13 - 14 1.5 - 2
4 - 6 y 16 - 20 5.0 - 5.5 4.5 - 5.0 15 - 16 2 2 2
7 - 9 y 22 - 26 5.5 - 6.0 5.0 - 5.5 16 - 18 2 2 2.5
10 - 12 y 28 - 32 - 6.0 - 6.5 18 - 19 2 3 2.5 - 3
13 - 15 y 34 - 38 - 6.5 - 7.0 19 - 20 2 3 3
16 - 18 y >40 - 7.0 - 8.0 21 - 24 2 3 3.5 - 4


  • Blade Size Estimate
    • ETT Size: (Age/4) + 4 for uncuffed, (Age/4) + 3.5 for cuffed
    • Preemie <1.4kg: 00
    • Newborn: 0
    • Neonate/infant: 1
    • 2 blade starting at 2 yo
    • 3 blade in 3rd grade (8-9 yo)
  • Endotracheal Cuffed Tube Estimate
    • 1 yr, 10kg, size 4
    • 5 yr, 20kg, size 5
    • 10 yr, 30 kg, size 6
  • Cuffed and uncuffed ETT are acceptable outside neonatal age
  • Depth of Tube Placement: 3 x uncuffed ETT size (cm)
    • Neonate: Nasal septum to tragus in cm + 1 cm
  • Atropine
    • While atropine is not routinely recommended for pretreatment before RSI, it has been frequently used for infants younger than one year due to their predilection for bradycardia during RSI. However, rare cases of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation have been seen in pretreatment of children, hence it is not recommended for this age group.[2][3][4]

Relation to Other Tubes

  • NG, OG, foley = 2 x ETT
  • Chest Tube (max) = 4 x ETT

Apneic oxygenation

  • Infant: 5L/min
  • Child: 10 L/min
  • Adolescent/adult: 15 L/min

Endotracheal Drug Delivery

  • Endotracheal Drug Delivery: 1:1000 solution at 0.1mg/kg = 0.1ml/kg
  • Newborn: 1:10,000 solution at 0.03mg/kg = 0.3mL/kg


Neonatal Considerations

  • Anatomical differences of neonates (compared to adults/big kids):
    • Large occiput--> may need shoulder roll to get ear to sternal notch aligned
    • Relatively larger tongue, small mouth
    • More anterior and superior larynx[5]
      • Glottic opening at level of C1 in infants
      • Transitions to C3/4 by age 7 years
      • At C5 by adulthood
    • Narrowest portion of airway is at cricoid cartilage (as opposed to vocal cords in adults)
    • Larger/floppier epiglottis
    • Short trachea--> easy to mainstem tube, easy for accidental tube dislodgement
  • Cuffed vs uncuffed ETT: controversial[6] but cuffed tubes now genearlly considered acceptable[7]
  1. Numbered list item

Neonatal Intubation

Age Weight (kg) Cuffless Cuffed Depth (cm) Blade
Preterm <1 2.5 - 6-7 Miller 00 or 0
Preterm 1-2.5 3.0 - 7-9 Miller 0
Neonate 2.5-4 3.0 - 10 Miller 0
  • ETT depth
    • Newborn/neonate: uncuffed ETT x 3 (cm at lip)
    • Preemie: weight in kg +1 (cm at lip)
  • LMA size
    • Weight in kg/20 + 1
  • Apneic O2 by NC for newborn/neonate: 5L/m
  • Routine vent settings
    • FiO2 100%--> wean
    • PEEP 4-5
    • TV 8-10cc/kg
    • RR 25-35
    • I-time 0.5s

Drugs

  • Atropine premedication
    • Controversial
    • Neonates VERY prone to bradycardia with myriad stimuli, including the vagal stimulation of laryngoscopy
    • May not be needed routinely but should at least have handy in case of bradycardia[8]
    • 0.01-0.03 mg/kg IV/IO

See Also

Pediatric Critical Care

Airway Pages

Mechanical Ventilation Pages

External Links

References

  1. Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles Airway Card
  2. Fleming B, McCollough M; Henderson SO. Myth: Atropine should be administered before succinylcholine for neonatal and pediatric intubation. Can J Emerg Med 2005;7(2):114-7
  3. Tsou CH, Chiang CE, Kao T, et al. Atropine-triggered idiopathic ventricular tachycardia in an asymptomatic pediatric patient. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51:856
  4. Fastle RK, Roback MG. Pediatric rapid sequence intubation: incidence of reflex bradycardia and effects of pretreatment with atropine. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004; 20:651
  5. Nagler J, Mick NW. Airway Management for the Pediatric Patient. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, et al., eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2018:(Ch) 161.
  6. https://pedemmorsels.com/cuffed-endotracheal-tubes-in-children/
  7. American Heart Association. Part 1: executive summary: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation, Vol. 122, Issue 18, Suppl 3; Novemeber 2, 2010.
  8. https://pedemmorsels.com/atropine-needed-rsi/
  9. https://reference.medscape.com/drug/ketalar-ketamine-343099