Orbital fracture: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
*Types | *Thin inferior wall frequently injured, requires less energy | ||
*Medial wall consists of thin lamina papyracea, requires intermediate energy | |||
*Lateral blow out fractures require higher force | |||
===Types=== | |||
*Blow-out Fracture | |||
**Fracture of inferior or medial orbital walls with out fracture of orbital ridge | |||
**Adipose tissue, inferior rectus or inferior oblique can entrap within maxillary or ethmoid sinus | |||
*Naso-orbito-ethmoid | **33% are associated with ocular trauma | ||
**Associated | *Non Blow-out Fracture | ||
**Lateral, inferior, and superior orbital ridge fracture typically occurs with other facial fractures | |||
*Naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture | |||
**Associated with force applied to nasal bridge | |||
**Often accompanied by injury to lacrimal duct, dural tears, and traumatic brain injury | **Often accompanied by injury to lacrimal duct, dural tears, and traumatic brain injury | ||
== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
[[File:Infrectus.png|thumbnail|Inferior rectus highlighted in blue. Entrapment of muscle causes upward gaze diplopia.]] | |||
[[File:PMC3375999 eplasty12ic09 fig1.png|thumb|Orbital fracture with right eye entrapment.]] | |||
===Orbital fracture=== | |||
*Enophthalmos (globe herniation) | |||
*Orbital rim step-off | |||
* | *Crepitus | ||
*Infraorbital anesthesia (damage to infraorbital nerve from orbital floor fracture) | |||
*[[Diplopia]] on upward gaze | |||
**Entrapment of inf rectus or inf oblique or orbital fat | |||
**Injury to oculomotor nerve | |||
== | ===Naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture=== | ||
*Obtain orbital CT as initial study | *Pain with eye movement | ||
*Traumatic telecanthus | |||
*Epiphora (tears spilling over lower lid) | |||
*CSF leak | |||
===Findings suggestive of ocular involvement=== | |||
*[[Retrobulbar hematoma]] or malignant orbital emphysema | |||
**Exophthalmos, decreasing visual acuity, increased ocular pressure | |||
*[[Globe rupture]] | |||
**Extrusion of intraocular contents, severe conjunctival hemorrhage, a tear-shaped pupil | |||
*Orbital fissure syndrome | |||
**Fracture of orbit involving the sup. orbital fissure | |||
***May result in injury to oculomotor and ophthalmic divisions of CN V | |||
***Paralysis of extraocular motions, ptosis, periorbital anesthesia | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | |||
{{Maxillofacial trauma DDX}} | |||
==Evaluation== | |||
[[File:Orbitalblowout.png|thumbnail|Left orbital floor fracture on cT]] | |||
*Obtain orbital CT as initial study if significant clinical findings | |||
**Evidence of fracture on exam | **Evidence of fracture on exam | ||
**Decreased extraocular mobility | **Decreased extraocular mobility | ||
**Decreased visual acuity | **Decreased visual acuity or diplopia | ||
**Severe pain | **Severe pain | ||
**Unable to perform adequate exam | **Unable to perform adequate exam | ||
*Look for teardrop sign on coronal view of CT | |||
*Otherwise can obtain Waters' view first | *Otherwise can obtain Waters' view first | ||
**Shows cloudy maxillary sinus representing blood, fluid or tissue | **Shows cloudy maxillary sinus representing blood, fluid or tissue | ||
*Check for associated infraorbital nerve injury | |||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
*Fractures of medial and inferior walls may be considered open fractures into sinus mucosa | |||
**Cephalexin x5-7 days | |||
**OR amoxicillin-clavulanate x5-7 days | |||
**No difference between 5-7 days vs. 10-14 days of treatment<ref>Reiss B et al. Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Orbital Fractures. Open Ophthalmol J. 2017; 11: 11–16.</ref> | |||
*Isolated orbital fracture | |||
**[[Cephalexin]] 250-500mg PO QID x10d | |||
**Decongestants | |||
**Instructions to avoid nose blowing | |||
*Ocular injury | |||
**Emergent ophtho consultation | |||
*Malignant emphysema and/or retrobulbar hemorrhage | |||
**[[Canthotomy]] | |||
*Extraocular Muscle Dysfunction | |||
**May result in oculocardiac reflex → vagal symptoms | |||
**Consider release of entrapped muscle | |||
*Decreased extraocular movement not due to entrapment | |||
**Consider corticosteroids | |||
**Surgical indications include >2mm enopthalmos and/or persistent diploplia | |||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== | ||
===Isolated orbital fracture=== | |||
*Discharge with follow up in 3-10d | |||
*Refer to ophtho for outpatient full dilated exam to rule-out unidentified retinal tears | |||
===Naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture=== | |||
*Admit | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
Line 90: | Line 90: | ||
*[[Globe Rupture]] | *[[Globe Rupture]] | ||
== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Ophthalmology]] | ||
[[Category:Trauma]] | [[Category:Trauma]] |
Revision as of 02:27, 16 August 2019
Background
- Thin inferior wall frequently injured, requires less energy
- Medial wall consists of thin lamina papyracea, requires intermediate energy
- Lateral blow out fractures require higher force
Types
- Blow-out Fracture
- Fracture of inferior or medial orbital walls with out fracture of orbital ridge
- Adipose tissue, inferior rectus or inferior oblique can entrap within maxillary or ethmoid sinus
- 33% are associated with ocular trauma
- Non Blow-out Fracture
- Lateral, inferior, and superior orbital ridge fracture typically occurs with other facial fractures
- Naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture
- Associated with force applied to nasal bridge
- Often accompanied by injury to lacrimal duct, dural tears, and traumatic brain injury
Clinical Features
Orbital fracture
- Enophthalmos (globe herniation)
- Orbital rim step-off
- Crepitus
- Infraorbital anesthesia (damage to infraorbital nerve from orbital floor fracture)
- Diplopia on upward gaze
- Entrapment of inf rectus or inf oblique or orbital fat
- Injury to oculomotor nerve
Naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture
- Pain with eye movement
- Traumatic telecanthus
- Epiphora (tears spilling over lower lid)
- CSF leak
Findings suggestive of ocular involvement
- Retrobulbar hematoma or malignant orbital emphysema
- Exophthalmos, decreasing visual acuity, increased ocular pressure
- Globe rupture
- Extrusion of intraocular contents, severe conjunctival hemorrhage, a tear-shaped pupil
- Orbital fissure syndrome
- Fracture of orbit involving the sup. orbital fissure
- May result in injury to oculomotor and ophthalmic divisions of CN V
- Paralysis of extraocular motions, ptosis, periorbital anesthesia
- Fracture of orbit involving the sup. orbital fissure
Differential Diagnosis
Maxillofacial Trauma
- Ears
- Nose
- Oral
- Other face
- Zygomatic arch fracture
- Zygomaticomaxillary (tripod) fracture
- Related
Evaluation
- Obtain orbital CT as initial study if significant clinical findings
- Evidence of fracture on exam
- Decreased extraocular mobility
- Decreased visual acuity or diplopia
- Severe pain
- Unable to perform adequate exam
- Look for teardrop sign on coronal view of CT
- Otherwise can obtain Waters' view first
- Shows cloudy maxillary sinus representing blood, fluid or tissue
- Check for associated infraorbital nerve injury
Management
- Fractures of medial and inferior walls may be considered open fractures into sinus mucosa
- Cephalexin x5-7 days
- OR amoxicillin-clavulanate x5-7 days
- No difference between 5-7 days vs. 10-14 days of treatment[1]
- Isolated orbital fracture
- Cephalexin 250-500mg PO QID x10d
- Decongestants
- Instructions to avoid nose blowing
- Ocular injury
- Emergent ophtho consultation
- Malignant emphysema and/or retrobulbar hemorrhage
- Extraocular Muscle Dysfunction
- May result in oculocardiac reflex → vagal symptoms
- Consider release of entrapped muscle
- Decreased extraocular movement not due to entrapment
- Consider corticosteroids
- Surgical indications include >2mm enopthalmos and/or persistent diploplia
Disposition
Isolated orbital fracture
- Discharge with follow up in 3-10d
- Refer to ophtho for outpatient full dilated exam to rule-out unidentified retinal tears
Naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture
- Admit
See Also
References
- ↑ Reiss B et al. Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Orbital Fractures. Open Ophthalmol J. 2017; 11: 11–16.