Pediatric fever of uncertain source: Difference between revisions
(/* 90dy-36moJaskiewicz, J.A., McCarthy, C.A., Richardson, A.C., White, K.C., Fisher, D.J., Powell, K. R., et al. (1994). Febrile infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection-an appraisal of the Rochester criteria and implications for management....) |
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===Facts and Figures=== | ===Facts and Figures=== | ||
*Take parental report of confirmed fever at home seriously in the 0-28 day range, even if never febrile in ED, as this population has been shown to have rates of serious bacterial infection (SBI) as high as 4.7% and invasive bacterial infection (IBI) as high as 1.8%<ref>Serious bacterial infections in neonates presenting afebrile with history of fever Ramgopal S, Walker LW, Tavarez MM, et al. Pediatrics. 2019;144(2):e20183964.</ref> | |||
''From ACEP's Clinical Policy on Pediatric Fevers<ref>Clinical Policy for Children Younger Than Three Years Presenting to the Emergency Department With Fever. Annuals of Emergency Medicine 2003 42. 530-545</ref> | ''From ACEP's Clinical Policy on Pediatric Fevers<ref>Clinical Policy for Children Younger Than Three Years Presenting to the Emergency Department With Fever. Annuals of Emergency Medicine 2003 42. 530-545</ref> | ||
*7% of patients < 2 years old with fever have pneumonia, however the etiology (viral/bacterial) or even the presence of pneumonia has low inter-observer reliability even among pediatric radiologists | *7% of patients < 2 years old with fever have pneumonia, however the etiology (viral/bacterial) or even the presence of pneumonia has low inter-observer reliability even among pediatric radiologists | ||
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*0.3% of previously well children aged 3-36 months who have a fever without a source will develop significant sequelae, 0.03% will develop sepsis or meningitis | *0.3% of previously well children aged 3-36 months who have a fever without a source will develop significant sequelae, 0.03% will develop sepsis or meningitis | ||
===Concomitant RSV or | ===Concomitant [[RSV]] or [[Influenza]] Infection=== | ||
*Relatively high coincidence of bronchiolitis w/ UTI, and of enterovirus and paraflu w/ UTI and bacteremia | |||
*In RSV+ (by PCR) neonates aged 0-28 days, 6.1% had UTIs and 3.7% were bactremic; there was no difference in rates of SBI between RSV+ and RSV- neonates in a large prospective multicenter study entailing 1,248 children<ref>Greenes, D.S.M., & Harper, M. B.M. (1999). Low risk of bacteremia in febrile children with recognizable viral syndromes. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 18(3), 258-261.</ref> | *In RSV+ (by PCR) neonates aged 0-28 days, 6.1% had UTIs and 3.7% were bactremic; there was no difference in rates of SBI between RSV+ and RSV- neonates in a large prospective multicenter study entailing 1,248 children<ref>Greenes, D.S.M., & Harper, M. B.M. (1999). Low risk of bacteremia in febrile children with recognizable viral syndromes. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 18(3), 258-261.</ref> | ||
*RSV+ infants aged 29-60 days, the SBI rate was 5.5%, all of which were UTIs | *RSV+ infants aged 29-60 days, the SBI rate was 5.5%, all of which were UTIs | ||
*Influenza+, low risk of bacterial illness | *Influenza+, low risk of bacterial illness | ||
===Evolving Practices for Febrile Infants 0-60 days (2019 JAMA Peds)<ref>Kuppermann N, Dayan PS, Levine DA, et al. A Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Febrile Infants 60 Days and Younger at Low Risk for Serious Bacterial Infections. JAMA Pediatrics. 2019;173(4):342-351. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5501</ref>=== | |||
*Prospective multicenter observational study with 1821 patients split into derivation and validation groups. | |||
*Inclusion fever >38C in ED or in past 24 hours measured. | |||
*Exclusion premature < 36 weeks, previously known diagnosis/illness, or severe illness. | |||
*Incidence of SBI in cohort 9.3% (8.3% UTI) | |||
*Following elements had 97.7% sensitivity and 60% specificity for SBI | |||
**'''ANC of 4090 or less''' | |||
**'''Procalcitonin 1.71 or less''' | |||
**'''Negative urinalysis''' | |||
*No cases of bacterial meningitis missed. 3 missed SBI, all of which were > 28 days. | |||
*May lead to decreased unnecessary LPs, will have variable adoption pending further validated studies/applications. | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
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*Blood cultures | *Blood cultures | ||
*[[Urinalysis]], Urine culture | *[[Urinalysis]], Urine culture | ||
*LP-CSF | *[[LP]]-CSF | ||
*[[CXR]] | *[[CXR]] | ||
*+/- Stool studies (if diarrhea) | *+/- Stool studies (if diarrhea) | ||
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*CXR is optional if no resp sx and another source identified | *CXR is optional if no resp sx and another source identified | ||
*LP is necessary even if another source identified due to immature blood-brain barrier | *LP is necessary even if another source identified due to immature blood-brain barrier | ||
*Do not give ceftriaxone to children <28d as may cause hyperbilirubinemia | |||
===28dy-90dy<ref> Jaskiewicz, J.A., McCarthy, C.A., Richardson, A.C., White, K.C., Fisher, D.J., Powell, K. R., et al. (1994). Febrile infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection-an appraisal of the Rochester criteria and implications for management. Pediatrics 94(3), 390-396.</ref>=== | ===28dy-90dy<ref> Jaskiewicz, J.A., McCarthy, C.A., Richardson, A.C., White, K.C., Fisher, D.J., Powell, K. R., et al. (1994). Febrile infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection-an appraisal of the Rochester criteria and implications for management. Pediatrics 94(3), 390-396.</ref>=== | ||
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*Protein: 15-25mg/dL | *Protein: 15-25mg/dL | ||
==Low Risk by Step-By-Step Approach<ref>Gomez B, Mintegi S, Bressan S, et al. Validation of the “Step-by-Step” Approach in the Management of Young Febrile Infants. Pediatrics. 2016;138(2):e20154381</ref>== | |||
''Study validated against Rocheter criteria and Lab-score for identifying low risk for invasive bacterial infections (IBI), with | ''Study validated against Rocheter criteria and Lab-score for identifying low risk for invasive bacterial infections (IBI), with '''NPV ~98% and 92.0% & 99.3% sensitivity''''' | ||
'''Patients must have all of the following to be low risk: ''' | |||
*Well appearing | *Well appearing | ||
*Age > 21 days | *Age > 21 days | ||
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====Low Risk Management<ref>Mintegi S, Gomez B, Martinez-Virumbrales L, et al. Outpatient management of selected young febrile infants without antibiotics. Arch Dis Child. 2016 Jul 28. pii: archdischild-2016-310600. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310600.</ref>==== | ====Low Risk Management<ref>Mintegi S, Gomez B, Martinez-Virumbrales L, et al. Outpatient management of selected young febrile infants without antibiotics. Arch Dis Child. 2016 Jul 28. pii: archdischild-2016-310600. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310600.</ref>==== | ||
*Offer no LP, no antibiotics, 24 hrs observation | *Offer no LP, no antibiotics, 24 hrs observation | ||
*Plan for prompt follow-up | *Plan for prompt follow-up within a week | ||
==Symptomatic | ==Symptomatic Management== | ||
{{Acetaminophen pediatric dosing chart}} | {{Acetaminophen pediatric dosing chart}} | ||
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[[Category:Pediatrics]] | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category:ID]] |
Revision as of 19:28, 20 February 2020
Background
- Medicine is an art as well as science, practice clinical judgment when using guidelines
- Preemies: Count age by estimated postconception date (not by actual delivery date) for 1st-90d
- Fever accounts for 30% of pediatric visits
- Children <3 mo are immunocompromised- poor opsonization, poor IgG response to encapsulated bacteria, macrophage and neutrophil dysfunction, bone marrow insufficiency
- Serious bacterial illness (SBI) includes UTI, meningitis, pneumonia, bacteremia
Age | 0-14 days | 14-28 days | 28-60 days (pre vaccine) | 28-60 days (post vaccine) | 60-90 days | > 90 days |
Meningitis/SBI Prevalence | 1/10 | 1/20 | 1/100 | 1/1000 | 1/1000-10,000 | > 1/10,000 |
Facts and Figures
- Take parental report of confirmed fever at home seriously in the 0-28 day range, even if never febrile in ED, as this population has been shown to have rates of serious bacterial infection (SBI) as high as 4.7% and invasive bacterial infection (IBI) as high as 1.8%[1]
From ACEP's Clinical Policy on Pediatric Fevers[2]
- 7% of patients < 2 years old with fever have pneumonia, however the etiology (viral/bacterial) or even the presence of pneumonia has low inter-observer reliability even among pediatric radiologists
- 4% Prevalence of UTI with common other sources of fever (OM, viral URI, et cetera)
- 1.5-2% background prevalence of asymptomatic bacteruria in healthy afebrile controls
- 0.3% Rate of occult bactremia with healthy, well-appearing child who has a fever 2-24 months
- 0.3% of previously well children aged 3-36 months who have a fever without a source will develop significant sequelae, 0.03% will develop sepsis or meningitis
Concomitant RSV or Influenza Infection
- Relatively high coincidence of bronchiolitis w/ UTI, and of enterovirus and paraflu w/ UTI and bacteremia
- In RSV+ (by PCR) neonates aged 0-28 days, 6.1% had UTIs and 3.7% were bactremic; there was no difference in rates of SBI between RSV+ and RSV- neonates in a large prospective multicenter study entailing 1,248 children[3]
- RSV+ infants aged 29-60 days, the SBI rate was 5.5%, all of which were UTIs
- Influenza+, low risk of bacterial illness
Evolving Practices for Febrile Infants 0-60 days (2019 JAMA Peds)[4]
- Prospective multicenter observational study with 1821 patients split into derivation and validation groups.
- Inclusion fever >38C in ED or in past 24 hours measured.
- Exclusion premature < 36 weeks, previously known diagnosis/illness, or severe illness.
- Incidence of SBI in cohort 9.3% (8.3% UTI)
- Following elements had 97.7% sensitivity and 60% specificity for SBI
- ANC of 4090 or less
- Procalcitonin 1.71 or less
- Negative urinalysis
- No cases of bacterial meningitis missed. 3 missed SBI, all of which were > 28 days.
- May lead to decreased unnecessary LPs, will have variable adoption pending further validated studies/applications.
Differential Diagnosis
Pediatric fever
- Upper respiratory infection (URI)
- UTI
- Sepsis
- Meningitis
- Febrile seizure
- Pneumonia
- Acute otitis media
- Whooping cough
- Unclear source
- Kawasaki disease
- Neonatal HSV
- Specific virus
Evaluation & Management
0-28dy
- SBI in ill-appearing febrile neonate as high as 20%
- SBI in well-appearing febrile neonate as high as 5%
Child Appearance | Work Up | Treatment | Disposition & Follow-up | Comments |
Temperature ≥38°
Toxic or Well |
|
|
Admit | SBI incidence
|
^Acyclovir if:
Note:
- CXR is optional if no resp sx and another source identified
- LP is necessary even if another source identified due to immature blood-brain barrier
- Do not give ceftriaxone to children <28d as may cause hyperbilirubinemia
28dy-90dy[5]
Appearance | Work Up | Treatment | Disposition & Follow-Up |
Temp≥38° + Toxic |
|
|
Admit |
Temp≥°38 + Well |
|
|
Workup(+): Antibiotics and admit
Workup(-): ?antibiotics; home with 24 follow-up |
^^Can use ceftriaxone 50-100mg/kg, but concern for bilirubin displacement
- Consider CXR for:
- Respiratory symptoms
- Fever >48 hrs
- Tachypnea
- Hypoxia
^Acyclovir if:
90dy-36mo[6]
Appearance | Work Up | Treatment | Disposition & Follow-Up |
T≥38° + Toxic |
|
|
Admit |
T≥39°C + Well + Non-complete Prevnar |
|
If WBC(+):
|
Outpatient (24 hour follow-up) |
T≥39°C + Well + Prevnar |
|
Treat cystitis or pneumonia if postitive | Outpatient (48hour follow up) |
T≥38-38.9°C + Well | Consider UA, CXR based on symptoms, etc | Treat cystitis or pneumonia if positive | Outpatient (48-72 hour follow-up)[7] |
- Consider CXR for:
- Respiratory symptoms
- Fever >48 hrs
- Tachypnea
- Hypoxia
- Non-UTI SBI incidence of <.4% in children >6 mo
Low Risk Lab Criteria
If low-risk criteria below not met, then perform the LP (if not done) and admit for inpatient antibiotics[8][9]
CBC
- WBC 5-15 /mm3
- Absolute Band count <1500 /mm3
Urinalysis
- Clear
- Neg Nitrate and Leukocyte esterase
- WBC <10/high powered field
CSF
0-28 days
- WBC: 0-22/mm3
- Protein: <100mg/dL
>29 days
- WBC 0-7/mm3
- Protein: 15-25mg/dL
Low Risk by Step-By-Step Approach[10]
Study validated against Rocheter criteria and Lab-score for identifying low risk for invasive bacterial infections (IBI), with NPV ~98% and 92.0% & 99.3% sensitivity
Patients must have all of the following to be low risk:
- Well appearing
- Age > 21 days
- No leukocyturia
- Procalcitonin < 0.5 ng/mL
- ANC < 10,000/mm3
- CRP < 20 mg/L
Low Risk Management[11]
- Offer no LP, no antibiotics, 24 hrs observation
- Plan for prompt follow-up within a week
Symptomatic Management
Acetaminophen Pediatric Dosing Chart
Weight (kg) | Weight (lbs) | Age | Dosage (mg) |
3-4 | 6-11 | 0-3 mo | 40 |
5-7 | 12-17 | 4-11 mo | 80 |
8-10 | 18-23 | 1-2 y | 120 |
11-15 | 24-35 | 2-3 y | 160 |
16-21 | 36-47 | 4-5 y | 240 |
22-26 | 48-59 | 6-8 y | 320 |
27-32 | 60-71 | 9-10 y | 400 |
33-43 | 72-95 | 11 y | 480 |
- Dosage can be given q6 hours
See Also
- Acute fever
- Fever of unknown origin (peds)
- Urinary tract infection (peds)
- Sepsis (peds)
- Meningitis (peds)
- Febrile seizure
External Links
References
- ↑ Serious bacterial infections in neonates presenting afebrile with history of fever Ramgopal S, Walker LW, Tavarez MM, et al. Pediatrics. 2019;144(2):e20183964.
- ↑ Clinical Policy for Children Younger Than Three Years Presenting to the Emergency Department With Fever. Annuals of Emergency Medicine 2003 42. 530-545
- ↑ Greenes, D.S.M., & Harper, M. B.M. (1999). Low risk of bacteremia in febrile children with recognizable viral syndromes. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 18(3), 258-261.
- ↑ Kuppermann N, Dayan PS, Levine DA, et al. A Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Febrile Infants 60 Days and Younger at Low Risk for Serious Bacterial Infections. JAMA Pediatrics. 2019;173(4):342-351. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5501
- ↑ Jaskiewicz, J.A., McCarthy, C.A., Richardson, A.C., White, K.C., Fisher, D.J., Powell, K. R., et al. (1994). Febrile infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection-an appraisal of the Rochester criteria and implications for management. Pediatrics 94(3), 390-396.
- ↑ Jaskiewicz, J.A., McCarthy, C.A., Richardson, A.C., White, K.C., Fisher, D.J., Powell, K. R., et al. (1994). Febrile infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection-an appraisal of the Rochester criteria and implications for management. Pediatrics 94(3), 390-396.
- ↑ Baker, M.D., Bello, L.M., & Avner, J.R. (1993). Outpatient management without antibiotics of fever in selected infants. New England Jouranl of Medicine, 329(20), 1437-1441.
- ↑ Smitherman, H.F. & Macias, C.G. (2014). Evaluation and management of fever in the neonate and young infant (less than three months of age) [Electronic Version]. UpToDate,Teach, S.J., Kaplan, SL, Wiley, JF.
- ↑ Dagan, R. Sofer, S., Phillip, M., & Shachak, E. (1988). Ambulatory care of febrile infants younger than 2 months of age classified as being at low risk for having serous bacterial infections. Journal of Pediatrics, 112(3), 355-360.
- ↑ Gomez B, Mintegi S, Bressan S, et al. Validation of the “Step-by-Step” Approach in the Management of Young Febrile Infants. Pediatrics. 2016;138(2):e20154381
- ↑ Mintegi S, Gomez B, Martinez-Virumbrales L, et al. Outpatient management of selected young febrile infants without antibiotics. Arch Dis Child. 2016 Jul 28. pii: archdischild-2016-310600. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310600.