ST segment elevation: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==
*Its presence must be explained (there is no "nonspecific ST elevation")
*Its presence must be explained (there is no "nonspecific ST elevation")
*Not a specific marker for STEMI
*Not specific only to [[STEMI]]


==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Features==
*Depends on underlying etiology
 
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{ST elevation DDX}}
 
==Evaluation==
[[File:597px-Stelevatie en.png|thumb|Measure ST elevation at the j-point<ref>Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman BR, Fletcher GF, Froelicher VF, Mark DB, McCallister BD, Mooss AN, O'Reilly MG, Winters WL Jr, Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Russell RO, and Smith SC Jr. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). Circulation 2002 Oct 1; 106(14) 1883-92. pmid:12356646.</ref>]]
[[File:597px-Stelevatie en.png|thumb|Measure ST elevation at the j-point<ref>Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman BR, Fletcher GF, Froelicher VF, Mark DB, McCallister BD, Mooss AN, O'Reilly MG, Winters WL Jr, Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Russell RO, and Smith SC Jr. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). Circulation 2002 Oct 1; 106(14) 1883-92. pmid:12356646.</ref>]]


===Early Repolarization versus STEMI===
===Early Repolarization versus [[STEMI]]===
*Early Repolarization suggested by:
*Early Repolarization suggested by:
**ST elevation <4mm
**ST elevation <4mm
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**Concave or saddle-back ST morphology
**Concave or saddle-back ST morphology
**No reciprocal changes
**No reciprocal changes
**Consistent over short term
**Young patient without risk factors


===LVH versus STEMI===
===[[LVH]] versus [[STEMI]]===
*Difficult to exclude MI in patient with LVH (pt already at risk for MI)
*Difficult to exclude MI in patient with LVH (patients with LVH are already at risk for MI)
*Best aid is prior ECG or serial ECGs
*Best aid is prior ECG or serial ECGs


===LBBB versus STEMI===
===[[LBBB]] versus [[STEMI]]===
See [[Sgarbossa's Criteria]]
See [[Sgarbossa's Criteria]]


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**35% of anterior STEMI have ST depression in inferior leads
**35% of anterior STEMI have ST depression in inferior leads
**80% of inferior STEMI have ST depression in anterior leads
**80% of inferior STEMI have ST depression in anterior leads
***However, may represent reciprocal changes OR posterior STEMI
***However, may represent reciprocal changes '''OR''' posterior STEMI


====Stages of Development====
====Reciprocal Changes====
*Stage 1
**Timing: 30min - hours
**Finding: hyperacute T waves
***&gt;6mm limb leads
***&gt;10mm precordial leads
**Duration: normalizes in days, weeks, or months
*Stage 2
**Timing: minutes - hours
**Finding: ST segment elevation
***≥0.1mV in two or more contiguous leads
**Duration: ST segment resolution occurs over 72hrs; completely resolves w/in 2-3wks
*Stage 3
**Timing: within 1hr; completed within 8-12hr
**Finding: Q waves
**Duration: persist indefinitely in 70% of cases
 
[[Image:STEMI Progression.jpg]]
 
*a: 30min after chest pain onset
*b: 45min after chest pain onset (hyperacute T waves)
*c: 70min after chest pain onset (ST elevation)
*d: 3hr after PCI (ST segment has decreased, TWI incdicates reperfusion)
*e: 5 days after PCI (ST segment back to baseline, TWI is near baseline)
 
====Reciprocal Changes ====
#Anterior STEMI  
#Anterior STEMI  
#*Reciprocal ST-segment depression in at least one of leads II, III, aVF  
#*Reciprocal ST-segment depression in at least one of leads II, III, aVF  
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#*Often associated with ST-segment elevation in II, III, aVF (inferior involvement)
#*Often associated with ST-segment elevation in II, III, aVF (inferior involvement)


==Differential Diagnosis==
{{STEMI Stages of Development}}
{{ST elevation DDX}}
 
==Management==
 
==Disposition==


==See Also==
==See Also==

Latest revision as of 13:37, 6 April 2019

Background

  • Its presence must be explained (there is no "nonspecific ST elevation")
  • Not specific only to STEMI

Clinical Features

  • Depends on underlying etiology

Differential Diagnosis

ST Elevation

Evaluation

Measure ST elevation at the j-point[1]

Early Repolarization versus STEMI

  • Early Repolarization suggested by:
    • ST elevation <4mm
    • Notched J point
    • Concave or saddle-back ST morphology
    • No reciprocal changes
    • Consistent over short term
    • Young patient without risk factors

LVH versus STEMI

  • Difficult to exclude MI in patient with LVH (patients with LVH are already at risk for MI)
  • Best aid is prior ECG or serial ECGs

LBBB versus STEMI

See Sgarbossa's Criteria

STEMI

  • ST elevation in those leads that reflect the distribution of a single coronary artery
    • RCA: II, III, aVF (inferior)
    • LAD: V1-V4 (antero-septal)
    • Circumflex: V5-V6, I, aVL (lateral)
    • Dominant left circulation: infero-lateral
  • ST morphology
    • Concave up versus convex
      • Convex has Sp 97%, Sn 77%
  • Look for reciprocal ST depression
    • 35% of anterior STEMI have ST depression in inferior leads
    • 80% of inferior STEMI have ST depression in anterior leads
      • However, may represent reciprocal changes OR posterior STEMI

Reciprocal Changes

  1. Anterior STEMI
    • Reciprocal ST-segment depression in at least one of leads II, III, aVF
    • Occurs in 40-70% of cases
  2. Inferior STEMI
    • Reciprocal ST-segment depression usually present in I, aVL; often in V1-V3
    • Occurs in 56% of cases
  3. Posterior STEMI
    • Reciprocal ST-segment depression in V1-V4
      • Differentiate from inf STEMI reciprocal depression based on upright T waves, posterior leads showing STEMI
    • Often associated with ST-segment elevation in II, III, aVF (inferior involvement)

STEMI Stages of Development

Stages of STEMI development
Stage Duration Timing Finding ECG
1

STEMI-b.jpg

30min - hours Hyperacute T waves
  • >6mm limb leads
  • >10mm precordial leads
Normalizes in days, weeks, or months
2

STEMI-c.jpg

Minutes - hours ST segment elevation
  • 0.1mV in two or more contiguous leads
ST segment resolution occurs over 72hrs; completely resolves within 2-3wks
3

STEMI-d2.jpg

Within 1hr; completed within 8-12hr Q waves Persist indefinitely in 70% of cases

Management

Disposition

See Also

References

  1. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman BR, Fletcher GF, Froelicher VF, Mark DB, McCallister BD, Mooss AN, O'Reilly MG, Winters WL Jr, Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Russell RO, and Smith SC Jr. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). Circulation 2002 Oct 1; 106(14) 1883-92. pmid:12356646.