Seizure (peds): Difference between revisions

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== Background ==
''This page refers to pediatric patients; see [[seizure]] for adult patients.''
*Consider neuroimaging for new-onset focal seizure
==Background==
*Todd paralysis
**Temporary focal deficit up to 36 hr post-seizure
*Lateral tongue biting - 100% sp


== Seizure with a Fever ==
{{Seizure types}}
*Consider:
**CNS infection
**Lowered sz threshold in pts with epilepsy
**[[Febrile Seizure]]


== First-Time Afebrile Seizure ==
{{Clinical features seizure}}
*If pt returns to baseline no labs/imaging necessarily indicated
 
**Consider glucose, chemistry, utox
==Differential Diagnosis==
*LP only necessary if concern for meningitis
{{Pediatric seizure DDX}}
*EEG should be performed within 24-48hr
 
==Evaluation==
===Seizure with a Fever===
*See [[Febrile Seizure]]
 
===[[first-time seizure|First-Time Afebrile Seizure]]===
*If patient returns to baseline no labs/imaging necessarily indicated
**Head to toe exam - abusive head trauma may precipitate seizure and requires emergent imaging
**Glucose
**Consider chemistry, Mg
**Consider [[EKG]] if concerned for cardiac [[arrhythmia]]
*[[LP]] only necessary if concern for [[meningitis (peds)]]
*Neuroimaging
*Neuroimaging
**Preferred test is outpt MRI
**Preferred test is outpatient [[brain MRI|MRI]]
**Consider emergent imaging for focal deficit, no return to baseline
**Consider emergent imaging ([[CT head]]) for [[focal neuro|focal deficit]], no return to baseline
*40% have 2nd sz
*40% have 2nd seizure


== Neonatal Seizure==
===Neonatal Seizure===
*Often subtle, focal, poor prognosis
*Often subtle, focal, poor prognosis
**Less often have generalized tonic-clonic seizures
**Less often have generalized tonic-clonic seizures
***Findings include lip smacking, eye deviation, staring, ALTE
***Findings include lip smacking, eye deviation, staring, [[ALTE]]
*Work-up
*Work-up
**CBC, chemistry, UA, CSF (including HSV), utox (withdrawal)
**CBC, chemistry, [[UA]], [[LP]] for CSF (including HSV), utox (withdrawal)
**Consider neuroimaging if concern for abuse, ICH, mass
**Consider neuroimaging if concern for abuse, [[intracranial hemorrhage]], mass
**Consider lactate, ammonia if concern for errors of metabolism
**Consider [[lactate]], ammonia if concern for [[inborn errors of metabolism]]
*Treatment
*Treatment
**Start IV abx (including acyclovir)
**Start IV [[pediatric antibiotics|antimicrobials]] (including [[acyclovir]])
**Consider [[pyridoxine]] and [[folic acid]] if unresponsive to benzos<ref>Robert Surtees and Nicole Wolf. Treatable neonatal epilepsy. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Aug; 92(8): 659–661.</ref>
***Pyridoxal phosphate 10mg/kg/dose q2h x 2 doses
***If persistent, folinic acid 5mg q6h x 2 doses
***EEG monitoring during this period is helpful


== Epileptic Seizures ==
===Epileptic Seizures===
*Epilepsy = 2 or more sz w/o acute provocation (fever, trauma)
*Epilepsy = 2 or more seizures with out acute provocation (fever, trauma)
*Often due to pt "outgrowing" their dosage
*Often due to patient "outgrowing" their dosage
*Check levels of:
*Check levels:
**Phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid
**See [[anticonvulsant levels and reloading]]
***If low consider non-compliance, "outgrowing," vomiting, med interaction
**[[Phenytoin]], [[carbamazepine]], [[valproic acid]]
*Pts with epilepsy may have lower sz threshold with febrile illness
***If low consider medication non-adherence, "outgrowing" dose, vomiting, med interaction
**Usually can limit ED w/u to fever evaluation
*Patients with epilepsy may have lower seizure threshold with febrile illness
**Usually can limit ED work up to fever evaluation


== Seizure with VP Shunt==
===Seizure with [[VP shunt]]===
*Consider underlying epilepsy, shunt malfunction, CNS infection
*Consider underlying epilepsy, [[VP shunt malfunction|shunt malfunction]], [[VP shunt infections|CNS infection]]
**If pt has fever seizure more likely 2/2 infection than malfunction
**If patient has fever, seizure more likely secondary to infection than malfunction
***Consult pediatric neurosurgeon to tap the shunt
***Consult pediatric neurosurgeon to tap the shunt
*Imaging
*Imaging
**Obtain shunt series and head CT or MRI to evaluate for incr ventricular size
**Obtain shunt series and [[head CT]] or [[brain MRI|MRI]] to evaluate for increased ventricular size


== Seizure with Trauma ==
===Seizure with [[Pediatric Head Trauma]]===
*"Impact seizures" (sz that occurs w/in minutes of head trauma)
*"Impact seizures" (seizures that occurs within minutes of head trauma)
**Not associated with severe head injuries
**Not associated with severe head injuries
*Sz that occur after this time more likely to represent intracranial injury
*Seizures that occur after this time more likely to represent intracranial injury
*Abusive head trauma should always be considered in differential


==Status Epilepticus==
===[[Status Epilepticus]]===
*Seizure or recurrent sz lasting >5min w/o regaining consciousness
*Seizure or recurrent seizure lasting >5min with out regaining consciousness
**If prolonged postictal state or longer than usual consider nonconvulsive status
**If prolonged postictal state or longer than usual consider nonconvulsive status
***Obtain emergency EEG; if not available trial of anticonvulsants appropriate
***Obtain emergency EEG; if not available, trial of anticonvulsants appropriate
*Management
*Management
**Glucose, chemistry, CBC, LFT, ?CSF, ?neuroimaging
**Glucose, chemistry, CBC, [[LFTs]], ?CSF, ?neuroimaging
**Intubate if e/o apnea and persistent hypoxia
**[[Intubate]] if evidence of apnea and persistent hypoxia
**If use paralytic EEG monitoring should be arranged
**If paralytic used, EEG monitoring should be arranged
 
== Treatment  ==
 
=== 1st Line  ===


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==Management==
===1st Line===
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3" border="0" bgcolor="#666666" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; width: 522px; height: 339px;"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Drug  
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Drug<ref> LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The New Antiepileptic Drugs: Scientific Review. JAMA. 2004;291:605-614. </ref>
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Route  
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Route  
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Dose*  
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Dose*
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Maximum  
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Maximum  
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Onset of Action  
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Onset of Action  
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Duration of Action
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | Duration of Action
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" rowspan="2" class="font12" | Lorazepam  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" rowspan="2" class="font12" | [[Lorazepam]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV, IO, IN<br>&nbsp;  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV, IO, IN<br>&nbsp;  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1 milligram/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 4 milligrams
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 4mg
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 12–24 h
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 12–24 h
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IM  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IM  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1 milligram/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 4 milligrams
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 4mg
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–30 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–30 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 12–24 h
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 12–24 h
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" rowspan="2" class="font12" | Diazepam  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" rowspan="2" class="font12" | [[Diazepam]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV, IO  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV, IO  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1–0.3 milligram/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1–0.3mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 10 milligrams
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 10mg
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–60 min
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–60 min
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | PR  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | PR  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.5 milligram/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.5mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 20 milligrams
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 20mg
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 3–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 3–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–60 min
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–60 min
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" rowspan="4" class="font12" | Midazolam  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" rowspan="4" class="font12" | [[Midazolam]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV, IO  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV, IO  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1–0.2 milligram/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1–0.2mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 4 milligrams
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 4mg
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–6 h
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–6 h
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IM  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IM  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.2 milligram/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.2mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 10 milligrams
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 10mg
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5–15 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5–15 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–6 h
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–6 h
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IN  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IN  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.2 milligram/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.2mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 10 milligrams
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 10mg
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–6 h
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–6 h
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | Buccal<br>&nbsp;  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | Buccal<br>&nbsp;  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.5 milligram/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.5mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 10 milligrams
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 10mg
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 3–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 3–5 min  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–6 h
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–6 h
|}
|}


=== 2nd Line ===
===2nd Line===


*If sz persists for another 5 min after 2 doses of benzos switch to fosphenytoin or phenobarbital  
*If seizure persists for another 5 min after 2 doses of benzodiazepines switch to [[fosphenytoin]] or [[phenobarbital]]
**Fosphenytoin is usually preferred 2nd line agent&nbsp;  
**Fosphenytoin is usually preferred 2nd line agent&nbsp;  
**Consider phenobarb over fosphenytoin if febrile illness, &lt;2yr
**Consider phenobarb over fosphenytoin if febrile illness, <2yr


{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3" border="0" bgcolor="#666666" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; width: 548px; height: 211px;"
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3" border="0" bgcolor="#666666" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; width: 548px; height: 211px;"
Line 142: Line 150:
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | IV Infusion
! bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" | IV Infusion
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | Fosphenytoin  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | [[Fosphenytoin]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV, IM  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV, IM  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–20 milligrams/kg PE  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–20mg/kg PE  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5–10 milligrams/kg PE  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5–10mg/kg PE  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 30 milligrams/kg PE  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 30mg/kg PE  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 3 milligrams/kg/min PE
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 3mg/kg/min PE
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | Phenobarbital  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | [[Phenobarbital]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–20 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–20mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5–10 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5–10mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 40 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 40mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–30 milligrams/min
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–30mg/min
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | Valproic acid  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | [[Valproic acid]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 20 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 20mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–20 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15–20mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 40 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 40mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5 milligrams/kg/hr
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5mg/kg/hr
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | Levetiracetam  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | [[Levetiracetam]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 20–30 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 20–30mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | —  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | —  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 3 grams  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 3 grams  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | —
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | —
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | Pentobarbital  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | [[Pentobarbital]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5–15 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5–15mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–2 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1–2mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 15mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.5–5.0 milligrams/kg/hr
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.5–5.0mg/kg/hr
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | Propofol  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | [[Propofol]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.5–2.0 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.5–2.0mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.5–1.0 milligram/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.5–1.0mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5 milligrams/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 5mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1.5–4.0 milligrams/kg/hr
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 1.5–4.0mg/kg/hr
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
|- style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12"
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | Midazolam  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | [[Midazolam]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | IV  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1–0.2 milligram/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1–0.2mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1–0.2 milligram/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.1–0.2mg/kg  
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 10 milligrams
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 10mg
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.05–0.4 milligram/kg/hr
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 9px;" class="font12" | 0.05–0.4mg/kg/hr
|}
|}


=== 3rd Line ===
===3rd Line===
*Consider [[valproic acid]] 20mg/kg over 1-5min; then infusion of 5mg/kg/hr


*Consider Valproic acid 20mg/kg over 1-5min; then infusion of 5mg/kg/hr
===[[Hypoglycemia (Peds)|Hypoglycemia]]===
*Defined as <50mg/dL
*All seizing patients with hypoglycemia should be treated with 2 mL/kg 25% dextrose


=== Hypoglycemia  ===
===[[Hyponatremia]]===
 
*Consider as cause of seizure, especially if Na <120 mEq/L  
*Defined as &lt;50 mg/dL
*Goal of therapy is to correct quickly to >120, slowly thereafter  
*All seizing pts with hypoglycemia should be treated with 2 mL/kg 25% dextrose
**In actively seizing patient, treatment of choice is [[hypertonic saline|3% NaCl]]
 
***[[hypertonic saline|3% NaCl]] (513 mEq/1000 mL)  
=== Hyponatremia ===
****Na deficit in total mEq = [(wt in kg)x(130 – serum Na level)x0.6] over 20min '''OR'''
 
*Consider as cause of sz, esp if Na &lt;120 mEq/L  
*Goal of therapy is to correct quickly to &gt;120, slowly thereafter  
**In actively seizing pt treatment of choice is 3% NaCl  
***3% NaCl (513 mEq/1000 mL)  
****Na deficit in total mEq = [(wt in kg)x(130 – serum Na level)x0.6] over 20min OR  
***3% NaCl: 4-6 mL/kg over 20min  
***3% NaCl: 4-6 mL/kg over 20min  
**If no sz activity but Na &lt;120 start 4-6 mL/kg 3% NaCl or 20 mL/kg of NS over 1hr  
**If no seizure activity but Na <120 start 4-6 mL/kg 3% NaCl or 20 mL/kg of NS over 1hr  
***Check Na level after bolus to see if second bolus is necessary  
***Check Na level after bolus to see if second bolus is necessary  
**If 3% unavailable start NS 20mL/kg
**If 3% unavailable, start NS 20mL/kg
 
===[[Hypocalcemia]]===
*Administer 10% [[calcium gluconate]] 0.3 mL/kg over 5-10min


=== Hypocalcemia ===
===Other===
*Consider [[Pyridoxine]] (vitamin B6) 1g per g of [[INH]] ingested  (in D5W IV over 30 min) <ref> Minns AB, Ghafouri N, Clark RF. Isoniazid-induced status epilepticus in a pediatric patient after inadequate pyridoxine therapy. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010; 26(5):380-1. </ref>
*Consider Pyridoxine Responsive Seizure Disorder - 100mg/pyridoxine is generally effective <ref>Pyridoxine dependent seizures a wider clinical spectrum. Archives of Disease in Childhood.1983 (58) 415-418. http://adc.bmj.com/content/58/6/415.full.pdf</ref>


*Administer 10% calcium gluconate 0.3 mL/kg over 5-10min
==Disposition==
If negative workup
*EEG and MRI as outpatient
*Diastat ([[diazepam]]) Rectal Kit
**2-5 yrs:  0.5mg/kg
**6-11 yrs: 0.3mg/kg
**12+ yrs:  0.2mg/kg


== See Also ==
==See Also==
[[Febrile Seizure]]
*[[Seizure]]
*[[Febrile Seizure]]
*[[Seizure Levels and Reloading]]


== Source ==
==External Links==
*[http://pemplaybook.org/podcast/131/ Pediatric Emergency Playbook Podcast - Carpe Cerebrum: Seize the Brain]
**[http://traffic.libsyn.com/pemplaybook/Pediatric_Status_Epilepticus.mp3 Carpe Cerebrum: Seize the Brain (mp3)]


Tintinali
==References==
<references/>


[[Category:Peds]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Neurology]]

Revision as of 15:36, 3 October 2019

This page refers to pediatric patients; see seizure for adult patients.

Background

Seizure Types

Classification is based on the international classification from 1981[1]; More recent terms suggested by the ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy) task Force.[2]

Focal seizures

(Older term: partial seizures)

  • Without impairment in consciousness– (AKA Simple partial seizures)
    • With motor signs (ex. facial twiching or rhythmic ipsilateral extremity movements)
    • With sensory symptoms (ex. tingling or pereiving a certain smell)
    • With autonomic symptoms or signs (ex. tachycardia or diaphoresis)
    • With psychic symptoms (including aura, ex. sense of déjà-vu)
  • With impairment in consciousness - (AKA Complex Partial Seizures--Older terms: temporal lobe or psychomotor seizures)
    • Simple partial onset, followed by impairment of consciousness
    • With impairment of consciousness at onset
    • These seizures may be accompanied by automatism (such as lip smacking and chewing, hand wringing, patting and rubbing)
  • Focal seizures evolving to secondarily generalized seizures
    • Simple partial seizures evolving to generalized seizures
    • Complex partial seizures evolving to generalized seizures
    • Simple partial seizures evolving to complex partial seizures evolving to generalized seizures

Generalized seizures

  • Absence seizures (Older term: petit mal; brief dissociative states without postural changes)
    • Typical absence seizures
    • Atypical absence seizures (last longer and often include more motor involvement)
  • Myoclonic seizure (violent muscle contractions)
  • Clonic seizures (rhythmic jerking)
  • Tonic seizures (stiffening)
  • Tonic–clonic seizures (Older term: grand mal)
  • Atonic seizures (loss of muscle tone -> drop attacks)

SUDEP[3]

  • Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
  • Generalized tonic-clonic seizure is the major risk factor for SUDEP, and seizure freedom is strongly associated with decreased risk
    • Annual incidence of SUDEP in children is 1 in 4500
    • Incidence in adults is 1 in 1000

Clinical Features

  • Abrupt onset, may be unprovoked
  • Brief duration (typically <2min)
  • AMS
  • Jerking of limbs
  • Postictal drowsiness/confusion (typically lasting <30 minutes)
  • Todd paralysis
  • Lateral tongue biting - 100% specificity
  • Incontinence

Differential Diagnosis

Pediatric seizure

Evaluation

Seizure with a Fever

First-Time Afebrile Seizure

  • If patient returns to baseline no labs/imaging necessarily indicated
    • Head to toe exam - abusive head trauma may precipitate seizure and requires emergent imaging
    • Glucose
    • Consider chemistry, Mg
    • Consider EKG if concerned for cardiac arrhythmia
  • LP only necessary if concern for meningitis (peds)
  • Neuroimaging
  • 40% have 2nd seizure

Neonatal Seizure

  • Often subtle, focal, poor prognosis
    • Less often have generalized tonic-clonic seizures
      • Findings include lip smacking, eye deviation, staring, ALTE
  • Work-up
  • Treatment
    • Start IV antimicrobials (including acyclovir)
    • Consider pyridoxine and folic acid if unresponsive to benzos[5]
      • Pyridoxal phosphate 10mg/kg/dose q2h x 2 doses
      • If persistent, folinic acid 5mg q6h x 2 doses
      • EEG monitoring during this period is helpful

Epileptic Seizures

  • Epilepsy = 2 or more seizures with out acute provocation (fever, trauma)
  • Often due to patient "outgrowing" their dosage
  • Check levels:
  • Patients with epilepsy may have lower seizure threshold with febrile illness
    • Usually can limit ED work up to fever evaluation

Seizure with VP shunt

  • Consider underlying epilepsy, shunt malfunction, CNS infection
    • If patient has fever, seizure more likely secondary to infection than malfunction
      • Consult pediatric neurosurgeon to tap the shunt
  • Imaging
    • Obtain shunt series and head CT or MRI to evaluate for increased ventricular size

Seizure with Pediatric Head Trauma

  • "Impact seizures" (seizures that occurs within minutes of head trauma)
    • Not associated with severe head injuries
  • Seizures that occur after this time more likely to represent intracranial injury
  • Abusive head trauma should always be considered in differential

Status Epilepticus

  • Seizure or recurrent seizure lasting >5min with out regaining consciousness
    • If prolonged postictal state or longer than usual consider nonconvulsive status
      • Obtain emergency EEG; if not available, trial of anticonvulsants appropriate
  • Management
    • Glucose, chemistry, CBC, LFTs, ?CSF, ?neuroimaging
    • Intubate if evidence of apnea and persistent hypoxia
    • If paralytic used, EEG monitoring should be arranged

Management

1st Line

Drug[6] Route Dose* Maximum Onset of Action Duration of Action
Lorazepam IV, IO, IN
 
0.1mg/kg 4mg 1–5 min 12–24 h
IM 0.1mg/kg 4mg 15–30 min 12–24 h
Diazepam IV, IO 0.1–0.3mg/kg 10mg 1–5 min 15–60 min
PR 0.5mg/kg 20mg 3–5 min 15–60 min
Midazolam IV, IO 0.1–0.2mg/kg 4mg 1–5 min 1–6 h
IM 0.2mg/kg 10mg 5–15 min 1–6 h
IN 0.2mg/kg 10mg 1–5 min 1–6 h
Buccal
 
0.5mg/kg 10mg 3–5 min 1–6 h

2nd Line

  • If seizure persists for another 5 min after 2 doses of benzodiazepines switch to fosphenytoin or phenobarbital
    • Fosphenytoin is usually preferred 2nd line agent 
    • Consider phenobarb over fosphenytoin if febrile illness, <2yr
Drug Route Loading Dose Repeat Dose Maximum IV Infusion
Fosphenytoin IV, IM 15–20mg/kg PE 5–10mg/kg PE 30mg/kg PE 3mg/kg/min PE
Phenobarbital IV 15–20mg/kg 5–10mg/kg 40mg/kg 1–30mg/min
Valproic acid IV 20mg/kg 15–20mg/kg 40mg/kg 5mg/kg/hr
Levetiracetam IV 20–30mg/kg 3 grams
Pentobarbital IV 5–15mg/kg 1–2mg/kg 15mg/kg 0.5–5.0mg/kg/hr
Propofol IV 0.5–2.0mg/kg 0.5–1.0mg/kg 5mg/kg 1.5–4.0mg/kg/hr
Midazolam IV 0.1–0.2mg/kg 0.1–0.2mg/kg 10mg 0.05–0.4mg/kg/hr

3rd Line

  • Consider valproic acid 20mg/kg over 1-5min; then infusion of 5mg/kg/hr

Hypoglycemia

  • Defined as <50mg/dL
  • All seizing patients with hypoglycemia should be treated with 2 mL/kg 25% dextrose

Hyponatremia

  • Consider as cause of seizure, especially if Na <120 mEq/L
  • Goal of therapy is to correct quickly to >120, slowly thereafter
    • In actively seizing patient, treatment of choice is 3% NaCl
      • 3% NaCl (513 mEq/1000 mL)
        • Na deficit in total mEq = [(wt in kg)x(130 – serum Na level)x0.6] over 20min OR
      • 3% NaCl: 4-6 mL/kg over 20min
    • If no seizure activity but Na <120 start 4-6 mL/kg 3% NaCl or 20 mL/kg of NS over 1hr
      • Check Na level after bolus to see if second bolus is necessary
    • If 3% unavailable, start NS 20mL/kg

Hypocalcemia

Other

  • Consider Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) 1g per g of INH ingested (in D5W IV over 30 min) [7]
  • Consider Pyridoxine Responsive Seizure Disorder - 100mg/pyridoxine is generally effective [8]

Disposition

If negative workup

  • EEG and MRI as outpatient
  • Diastat (diazepam) Rectal Kit
    • 2-5 yrs: 0.5mg/kg
    • 6-11 yrs: 0.3mg/kg
    • 12+ yrs: 0.2mg/kg

See Also

External Links

References

  1. Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1981; 22:489.
  2. Epilepsia 2015; 56:1515-1523.
  3. Harden C et al. American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Practice guideline summary: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy incidence rates and risk factors. Neurology April 25, 2017 vol. 88 no. 17 1674-1680.
  4. Baxter P. et al. Pyridoxine‐dependent and pyridoxine‐responsive seizures. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2001, 43: 416–42
  5. Robert Surtees and Nicole Wolf. Treatable neonatal epilepsy. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Aug; 92(8): 659–661.
  6. LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The New Antiepileptic Drugs: Scientific Review. JAMA. 2004;291:605-614.
  7. Minns AB, Ghafouri N, Clark RF. Isoniazid-induced status epilepticus in a pediatric patient after inadequate pyridoxine therapy. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010; 26(5):380-1.
  8. Pyridoxine dependent seizures a wider clinical spectrum. Archives of Disease in Childhood.1983 (58) 415-418. http://adc.bmj.com/content/58/6/415.full.pdf