Traumatic hyphema: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==
*Grossly visible blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
*Grossly visible blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
*Typically caused by blunt trauma to the orbit  
*Typically caused by [[blunt eye trauma|blunt trauma]] to the orbit  
*Can result in permanent vision loss
*Can result in permanent [[vision loss]]
**Outcome dependent on prevention of rebleeding and control of intraocular pressure
**Outcome dependent on prevention of rebleeding and control of intraocular pressure
*In non-traumatic hyphema, all Black patients should be screened for [[sickle cell disease]] with hemoglobin electrophoresis
*In non-traumatic hyphema, all patients of African decent should be screened for [[sickle cell disease]] with hemoglobin electrophoresis


[[File:Hyphema.jpeg|thumbnail|Hyphema, Grade II-III]]
[[File:Hyphema.jpeg|thumbnail|Hyphema, Grade II-III]]


==Clinical Features==
==Clinical Features==
*Vision loss
*[[Vision loss]]
*Eye pain
*[[Eye pain]]
*History of trauma to eye
*History of trauma to eye
*Direct and consensual photophobia
*Direct and consensual photophobia
*Nausea and Vomiting
*[[Nausea/vomiting]]
*Hyphema grading correlates to IOP increase<ref>Oldham GW. Hyphema. Jan 6, 2015. http://eyewiki.aao.org/Hyphema#Differential_diagnosis</ref>
*Hyphema grading
**Grade 0 to IV
**Grade I: ≤ 1/3 anterior chamber volume
**Grade II: 1/3-1/2 anterior chamber volume
**Grade III: > 1/2 anterior chamber volume
**Grade IV: total anterior chamber volume, "eight ball hyphema"
*Elevated grading correlates to increase in intraocular pressure<ref>Oldham GW. Hyphema. Jan 6, 2015. http://eyewiki.aao.org/Hyphema#Differential_diagnosis</ref>
**13.5% have IOP increase in Grade I to II
**13.5% have IOP increase in Grade I to II
**52% with IOP increase in Grade IV
**52% with IOP increase in Grade IV


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
*[[Retinal detachment]]
{{Maxillofacial trauma DDX}}
{{Maxillofacial trauma DDX}}


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*[[Sickle cell disease]]
*[[Sickle cell disease]]
*Ocular or laser surgery
*Ocular or laser surgery
*HSV, VZV uveitis
*[[HSV]], [[VZV]] [[uveitis]]
*Neoplastic
*Neoplastic


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**May only see difference in color of irises if patient is supine because blood layering is gravity dependent
**May only see difference in color of irises if patient is supine because blood layering is gravity dependent
**Blood in anterior chamber only visible on slit lamp is a microhyphema
**Blood in anterior chamber only visible on slit lamp is a microhyphema
*Vision loss / Acuity changes
*[[Vision loss]] / Acuity changes
*Inspect the lids, lashes, lacrimal ducts, and cornea  
*Inspect the lids, lashes, lacrimal ducts, and cornea  
**Corneal abrasions often co-exist
**[[Corneal abrasions]] often co-exist
*Assess direct and consensual pupillary response for the presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect
*Assess direct and consensual pupillary response for the presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect
*Assess for [[Ruptured Globe]] which is associated with high energy mechanisms (shrapnel, BB guns, paint balls, etc)
*Assess for [[Ruptured Globe]] which is associated with high energy mechanisms (shrapnel, BB guns, paintballs, etc)
*Check intraocular pressure after [[Globe Rupture]] is excluded
*Check intraocular pressure after [[Globe Rupture]] is excluded
*Inquire about bleeding diathesis, anticoagulant/NSAID/aspirin use
*Inquire about [[coagulopathy|bleeding diathesis]], [[anticoagulant]]/[[NSAID]]/[[aspirin]] use


==Managment==
==Management==
*Elevate head of bed and upright position to layer blood by gravity, open visual field while blood resorbs
*Elevate head of bed and upright position to layer blood by gravity, open visual field while blood resorbs
*Eye shield
*Eye shield
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*Should be made by the ophthalmologist after examining the patient
*Should be made by the ophthalmologist after examining the patient
**Hyphemas <33% of anterior chamber are frequently managed as outpatients
**Hyphemas <33% of anterior chamber are frequently managed as outpatients
*Patients being managed as an outpatient should have ophthalmologist referral and consider outpatient screening for spontaneous hypthemas due to the association with [[sickle cell disease]] and [[hemophilia]]
*Patients being managed as an outpatient should have ophthalmologist referral and consider outpatient screening for spontaneous hyphema due to the association with [[sickle cell disease]] and [[hemophilia]]
*Patients on anticoagulation or anti-platelets agents should be admitted for reversal and observation.<ref name="Brandt" />
*Patients on anticoagulation or antiplatelet agents should be admitted for reversal and observation.<ref name="Brandt" />


===Discharge instructions===
===Discharge instructions===

Revision as of 22:48, 18 March 2020

Background

  • Grossly visible blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
  • Typically caused by blunt trauma to the orbit
  • Can result in permanent vision loss
    • Outcome dependent on prevention of rebleeding and control of intraocular pressure
  • In non-traumatic hyphema, all patients of African decent should be screened for sickle cell disease with hemoglobin electrophoresis
Hyphema, Grade II-III

Clinical Features

  • Vision loss
  • Eye pain
  • History of trauma to eye
  • Direct and consensual photophobia
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Hyphema grading
    • Grade I: ≤ 1/3 anterior chamber volume
    • Grade II: 1/3-1/2 anterior chamber volume
    • Grade III: > 1/2 anterior chamber volume
    • Grade IV: total anterior chamber volume, "eight ball hyphema"
  • Elevated grading correlates to increase in intraocular pressure[1]
    • 13.5% have IOP increase in Grade I to II
    • 52% with IOP increase in Grade IV

Differential Diagnosis

Maxillofacial Trauma

Unilateral red eye

^Emergent diagnoses ^^Critical diagnoses

Spontaneous hyphema (non-traumatic hyphema)

Evaluation

evaluation is best performed under slit-lamp exam

  • Blood in anterior chamber
    • May only see difference in color of irises if patient is supine because blood layering is gravity dependent
    • Blood in anterior chamber only visible on slit lamp is a microhyphema
  • Vision loss / Acuity changes
  • Inspect the lids, lashes, lacrimal ducts, and cornea
  • Assess direct and consensual pupillary response for the presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect
  • Assess for Ruptured Globe which is associated with high energy mechanisms (shrapnel, BB guns, paintballs, etc)
  • Check intraocular pressure after Globe Rupture is excluded
  • Inquire about bleeding diathesis, anticoagulant/NSAID/aspirin use

Management

  • Elevate head of bed and upright position to layer blood by gravity, open visual field while blood resorbs
  • Eye shield
  • Pharmacologic control of pain and emesis
  • Weigh risks and benefits of stopping NSAIDs, ASA, anticoagulants
  • If IOP elevated (>22) the treatment is similar to glaucoma management except if there is also a concern for a retrobulbar hematoma as a result of trauma.[2] Topical and oral treatments include
  • Consult ophtho regarding:
    • Dilation of pupil to avoid "pupillary play" -constriction and dilation movements of the iris in response to changing lighting, which can stretch the involved iris vessel causing additional bleeding
    • Use of topical α-agonists and/or acetazolamide to decrease intraocular pressure
  • Cycloplegic can be given for comfort and to decease pupillary play if globe rupture has been excluded. Options include:
  • Topical steroid
  • Treat any underlying coagulopathy

Disposition

  • Should be made by the ophthalmologist after examining the patient
    • Hyphemas <33% of anterior chamber are frequently managed as outpatients
  • Patients being managed as an outpatient should have ophthalmologist referral and consider outpatient screening for spontaneous hyphema due to the association with sickle cell disease and hemophilia
  • Patients on anticoagulation or antiplatelet agents should be admitted for reversal and observation.[2]

Discharge instructions

  • No reading (accommodation may further stress injured blood vessels)
  • Avoid NSAIDs
  • Wear hard shield at all times
  • Return to ED if rapid increase in size of hyphema or large increase in pain

Prognosis

  • Rebleeding worsens prognosis as patients are at higher risk of permanent vision loss.
    • Occurs 3-5 days after initial incident
    • Complicates ~30% of cases
    • Populations at highest risk:
      • Sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait
      • Bleeding dyscrasia (including aspirin, NSAID, or anticoagulant use)
      • Initial intraocular pressure >22 mmHg
      • Pediatric patients
Grade Anterior Chamber Filling Normal Vision Prognosis
I <33% 90%
II 33-50% 70%
III >50% 50%
IV 100% 50%

See Also

Video

{{#widget:YouTube|id=vQG9kL7mpyA}}

References

  1. ↑ Oldham GW. Hyphema. Jan 6, 2015. http://eyewiki.aao.org/Hyphema#Differential_diagnosis
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Brandt, MT. Traumatic hyphema: a comprehensive review. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2001; Vol. 59 Issue 12 Page 1462.
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