Urinary tract infection (peds)

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Background

  • After 1yr of age occult UTI w/ nl UA extremely rare
  • After 2yr of age UTI remains common in girls (but a/w symptoms)
  • Associated w/ bacteremia in up to 30% of infants between 4-8wk of age
  • Do not use nitrofurantoin in children (need bloodstream penetration)
  • UTI in adolescent girl is suggestive of intercourse

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation

  • Infants/young children: Fever without other source
  • Older children: Urinary complaints, abd/back pain

Labs

  • UA
    • Obtain clean catch specimen OR cath UA
    • Neg UA = neg LE, nit, GS & <5 WBC
    • Bag urine results in 83% false pos; only useful if negative
  • UCx
    • Send on all pts except for:
      • 1. Low-risk pts w/ normal UA and another explanation for sx
      • 2. Older adolescent females w/ very high post-test probability w/o severe illness
    • 20% of +Ucx will have negative UA

Test Characteristic Ranges Post-test Probability (%) of UTI in Different Patients
Test Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Test Result LR Patient A Patient B Patient C Patient D Patient E
Leukocyte esterase 67–85 81–92 + 3.5–10.6 21–45 2–5 23–49 20–43 26–52
0.16–0.41 1–3 <1 1–3 1–3 2–4
Nitrite* 21–69 95–99 + 4.2–69 24–84 2–26 26–86 22–83 29–87
0.31–0.83 2–6 <1 3–7 2–5 3–8
Leukocytes on microscopy 51–91 45–91 + 0.90–10.1 6–43 0–5 7–47 6–41 8–50
0.10–1.09 1–8 0–1 1–9 1–7 1–10
Bacteria on microscopy 46–96 11–96 + 0.5–24.0 4–64 0–11 4–68 3–63 5–70
0.04–4.91 <1–27 <1–2 <1–30 <1–25 <1–33
Bacteria on Gram stain 80–97 87–99 + 6.2–97 32–88 3–33 35–89 30–87 38–91
0.03–0.23 <1–2 <1 <1–2 <1–2 <1–2
Combined tests                  
Any positive test on dipstick 99–100 63–70 + 2.7–3.3 13–20 1–2 19–22 16–19 21–25
0.00–0.02 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1


Patient A: Female patient in ED, <1 year old, fever with no definitive source on examination, pretest probability of UTI is 7%.

Patient B: Male patient in ED, <1 year old, circumcised, fever with no definitive source on examination, pretest probability of UTI is 0.5%.

Patient C: Male patient in ED, <1 year old, uncircumcised, fever with no definitive source on examination, pretest probability of UTI is 8%.

Patient D: Female patient in ED, 2–6 years old, no fever but GU symptoms, pretest probability of UTI is 6.5%.

Patient E: Female patient in ED, adolescent age range, no fever but urinary symptoms, pretest probability of UTI is 9%


Treatment

  • <1mo
    • Admit for IV abx
      • Ceftazidime 150mg/kg/d divided every 6 h
  • 1mo - 2yo
    • Give CTX 50mg/kg in ED
    • Give Cephalexin 50-100mg/kg/d in 4 divided doses x14d
  • >2yo
    • Treat for 7d
  • >13yr adolescent
    • Consider 3 day course of tx

Disposition

  • Admit:
    • <1mo
    • Toxic
    • Inability to tolerate PO
  • Consider d/c with 24hr f/u for:
    • 1mo - 2yr who are not vomiting / well-appearing
  • Consider d/c with 48hr f/u for:
    • >2yr

Source

Tintinalli