Diabetic ketoacidosis (peds)
(Redirected from DKA (Peds))
This page is for pediatric patients. For adult patients, see: diabetic ketoacidosis
Background
- DKA + altered mental status = cerebral edema until proven otherwise
Clinical Features
- May be the initial presenting of an unrecognized Type-1 diabetes mellitus patient
- Signs/symptoms may include:
- Tachypnea, Kussmaul's breathing
- Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, poor weight gain/weight loss
- Signs of dehydration
- Abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting
- Altered mental status, drowsiness, lethargy
- Breath fruity odor (acetone)
- Perform a thorough neurologic exam as cerebral edema increases mortality significantly, especially in children
- +/- signs/symptoms of precipitating trigger for decompensation (e.g. pneumonia, cellulitis)
- Keep in mind that the initial presentation of sepsis with dehydration can look very similar to DKA
Differential Diagnosis
Hyperglycemia
- Physiologic stress response (rarely causes glucose >200 mg/dL)
- Diabetes mellitus (main)
- Hemochromatosis
- Iron toxicity
- Sepsis
Evaluation
Workup
- Point of care glucose (and potassium, if available)
- VBG
- Chem 7
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Serum ketones (or beta-OH and acetone)
- Urinalysis
- CBC
- Urine pregnancy (if appropriate)
- Consider infectious workup to identify trigger
Diagnosis
- Hyperglycemia (>200)
- Acidosis
- pH <=7.30 or bicarb <=15
- +ketonemia (>1:2 serum dilution)
General Treatment
- Initial bolus 20ml/kg NS x 1 (repeat boluses only for shock or poor perfusion)[1]
Manage Hydration[2]
- If K+<5.5
- 0.45% NS (or NS) + 20 KPhosat 1.5 x maintenance rate
- When BS <300, change to D5/0.45%NS (or NS) +20 KPhos at 1.5 x maintenance rate (maintain BS 150-250)
- 0.45% NS (or NS) + 20 KPhosat 1.5 x maintenance rate
- In a retrospective study, lactated ringers when compared with normal saline was associated with lower total cost and rate of development of cerebral edema. [3]
Manage Acidosis[4]
- Insulin drip 0.1 units/kg/hr
- Do not start if K+ <4.0 (replete K+ first)
- Continue until HCO3 >15 and pH >7.3, then transition to SC insulin
- Decrease infusion to 0.05 units/kg/hr until 1hr after SC insulin initiated
Potassium
- if < 2.5, hold insulin and give 1 meq/kg [[potassium KCL in IV over 1hr
- No insulin until K > 2.5
- if > 2.5 but < 3.5 give 40-60 meq/L in IV until K > 3.5
- if > 3.5 but < 5.5 give 30-40 meq/L in IV for K=3.5 - 5
- if > 5.5, then check K q1hr
Bicarbonate[5]
- No evidence supports the use of sodium bicarb in DKA, with a pH >6.9
- However, no studies have been performed for patients with pH <6.9 and the most recent ADA guidelines recommend it for patients with pH <7.1
- Only consider for:
- Critically ill (hemodynamic compromise from decreased contractility) AND
- pH <7.0
- 0.5-2 mEq/kg over 1-2hr
- Correction should never exceed pH > 7.1 or bicarb >10
Monitor for Complications[6]
- Cerebral edema (1% of DKA)
- Acute change in mental status
- Signs of herniation
- If present, see Cerebral Edema in DKA
Disposition
- Admit all (usually to PICU, if on insulin drip) unless
- Known diabetes
- pH >7.35 and bicarb >20
- Known and resolving precipitant for DKA
Complications
See Also
- Diabetes mellitus (main)
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (main)
- EBQ:Sodium Bicarbonate use in DKA
- Clinical Trial of Fluid Infusion Rates for Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis
External Links
References
- ↑ Cooke & Plotnick. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(12):431-5
- ↑ Cooke & Plotnick. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(12):431-5
- ↑ Bergmann, K. R., Jennifer Abuzzahab, M., Nowak, J., Arms, J., Cutler, G., Christensen, E., … Kharbanda, A. (2018). Resuscitation With Ringerʼs Lactate Compared With Normal Saline for Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Pediatric Emergency Care, 1.
- ↑ Cooke & Plotnick. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(12):431-5
- ↑ EBQ:Sodium Bicarbonate use in DKA
- ↑ Cooke & Plotnick. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(12):431-5