Septic arthritis
(Redirected from Gonococcal arthritis)
This page is for adult patients; for pediatric patients see septic arthritis (peds).
Background
- Most important diagnostic consideration in acute joint pain (can destroy joint in days)
- Knee most commonly involved in adults; hip most common in pediatric
- Most often seen in patients >65yr
- Most common causative organisms
- <35 y/o N. gonorrhoeae
- >35 y/o S. aureus
Clinical Features
- Fever
- Warm, red, painful, swollen joint
- Decreased range of motion to active and passive movement
- Gonococcal arthritis
- Urethritis/vaginitis may be absent
- May have prodromal phase:
- Migratory arthritis and tenosynovitis predominate before pain and swelling occurs
- Macularpapular rash or pustules especially on hands/feet may proceed overt arthritis
- Endocarditis should be considered in the presence of 2 or more affected joints
Differential Diagnosis
- Transient (Toxic) Synovitis
- Abscess
- Cellulitis
- Primary rheumatologic disorder (i.e. vasculitis)
- Iatrogenic
- Reactive Arthritis (Poststreptococcal)
- Consider if patient has Sickle Cell (fever and limited joint ROM)
- Osteomyelitis typically has neither
Monoarticular arthritis
- Acute osteoarthritis
- Avascular necrosis
- Crystal-induced (Gout, Pseudogout)
- Gonococcal arthritis, arthritis-dermatitis syndrome
- Nongonococcal septic arthritis
- Lyme disease
- Malignancy (metastases, osteochondroma, osteoid osteoma)
- Reactive poststreptococcal arthritis
- Trauma-induced arthritis
- Fracture
- Ligamentous injury
- Overuse
- Avascular necrosis
- Decompression sickness
- Spontaneous osteonecrosis
- Hemorrhagic (e.g. hemophilia, systemic anticoagulation
- Seronegative spondyloarthropathies (ankylosing spondylitis, IBD, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis
- RA, SLE
- Sarcoidosis, amyloidosis
- Periarticular pathology
- Transient (Toxic) Synovitis (Hip)
- Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
- Legg Calve Perthes Disease
Evaluation[1]
Work-Up
- Arthrocentesis with synovial fluid analysis
- cell count with differential
- glucose
- protein
- bacterial culture and sensitivity (not 100% sn)
- polarized light microscopy for crystals
- CBC
- ESR - Sn 94% (with 15mm/h cut-off)[2]
- CRP - Sn 92% (with 20mg/L cut-off)
- Blood Culture
- Gonorrhea culture (urethral/cervical/pharyngeal/rectal)
- Imaging (may be helpful for excluding other diagnoses - e.g. trauma, osteo, etc)
- Immunocompromised
- Consider mycobacterial or fungal arthritis
- Leukemia history: predisposed to Aeromonas infections
- Periprosthetic infection
- Non-emergent: acute microbiological diagnosis is more important than rapid antibiotics
- Diagnose with two synovial fluid cultures (avoid collection from a draining sinus)
- CRP >100mg/L during first 6 weeks post-op warrants aspiration and may be used to differentiate from superficial skin infection
Arthrocentesis of synoval fluid
Synovium | Normal | Noninflammatory | Inflammatory | Septic |
Clarity | Transparent | Transparent | Cloudy | Cloudy |
Color | Clear | Yellow | Yellow | Yellow |
WBC | <200 | <200-2000 | 200-50,000 |
>1,100 (prosthetic joint) >25,000; LR=2.9 >50,000; LR=7.7 >100,000; LR=28 |
PMN | <25% | <25% | >50% |
>64% (prosthetic joint) >90% |
Culture | Neg | Neg | Neg | >50% positive |
Lactate | <5.6 mmol/L | <5.6 mmol/L | <5.6 mmol/L | >5.6 mmol/L |
LDH | <250 | <250 | <250 | >250 |
Crystals | None | None | Multiple or none | None |
- Viscosity of synovial fluid may actually be decreased in inflammatory or infectious etiologies, as hyaluronic acid concentrations decrease
- The presence of crystals does not rule out septic arthritis; however, the diagnosis is highly unlikely with synovial WBC < 50,000[3]
Management
Antibiotics
For adults treatment should be divided into Gonococcal and Non-Gonococcal
Gonococcal
- Ceftriaxone 1g IV once daily
- Cefixime 400 mg PO BID is an option for outpatient therapy after initial 3 days of Ceftriaxone
Non-Gonococcal
- Treatment should cover S. aureus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, B. burgdorferi
- Vancomycin 15-20 mg/kg IV BID PLUS any of the following:
- Ceftriaxone 2g IV once daily
- Cefepime 2g IV three times daily
- Ceftazidime 2g IV three times daily
- Ciprofloxacin 400mg IV three times daily
Pediatrics
- Ceftriaxone 1g IV once daily
Sickle Cell
Coverage for Salmonella and Staphylococcus spp
- Vancomycin 20mg/kg IV twice daily PLUS
- Ciprofloxacin 400mg IV three times daily OR
- Imipenem/cilastatin 1g IV three times daily
Consultation
- Consult ortho for joint irrigation in OR if joint aspirate is indicative of infection
- Benefit of serial aspirations vs arthroscopy vs irrigation and debridement is unclear
Disposition
- Admit all
See Also
- Arthrocentesis
- Monoarticular arthritis
- Septic arthritis of the hip (peds)
- Septic arthritis (peds)
- Knee diagnoses
External Links
References
- ↑ Carpenter CR, Schuur JD, Everett WW, Pines JM. Evidence-based diagnostics: adult septic arthritis. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(8):781-96.
- ↑ Hariharan, H, et al. Sensitivity of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C-reactive Protein for the Exclusion of Septic Arthritis in Emergency Department Patients. J of Emerg Med. 2010; 40(4):428–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.05.029
- ↑ Shah K, Spear J, Nathanson LA, Mccauley J, Edlow JA. Does the presence of crystal arthritis rule out septic arthritis?. J Emerg Med. 2007;32(1):23-6.