Cyanosis: Difference between revisions

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==Definition==
==Background==
===Definition===
*Faintly or frankly bluish or ashen discoloration typically of the nailbeds, lips, mouth, earlobes due to a high concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin
*Faintly or frankly bluish or ashen discoloration typically of the nailbeds, lips, mouth, earlobes due to a high concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin
*Subtypes
**Acrocyanosis - cyanosis of the palms, soles, fingers and/or toes; it can be a normal finding due to, for instance, peripheral vasoconstriction due to cold or the result of pathology like peripheral vascular disease
**Central cyanosis - cyanosis of the trunk, head, and/or mouth that is never normal


==Causes==
==Causes==
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*Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)<ref>Steinhorn RH. Evaluation and management of the cyanotic neonate. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2008 Sep;9(3):169-175. doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2008.06.006. PMID: 19727322; PMCID: PMC2598396</ref>
*Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)<ref>Steinhorn RH. Evaluation and management of the cyanotic neonate. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2008 Sep;9(3):169-175. doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2008.06.006. PMID: 19727322; PMCID: PMC2598396</ref>
*Congenital heart syndromes
*Congenital heart syndromes
**Transposition of the great vessels
**[[Transposition of the great vessels]]
**Tetraology of Fallot
**[[Tetraology of Fallot]]
**Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
**[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous return]]
**Hypoplastic left heart
**Hypoplastic left heart
**Truncus arteriosus
**[[Truncus arteriosus]]
**Tricuspid atresia
**[[Tricuspid atresia]]
**Pulmonary atresia
**[[Pulmonary atresia]]
**Atrioventricular canal defect
**Atrioventricular canal defect
*Airway conditions
*Airway conditions
**Airway foreign body
**[[Airway foreign body]]
**Diaphragmatic hernia
**Diaphragmatic hernia
**Croup
**[[Croup]]
**Pneumonia
**[[Pneumonia]]
**Bronchiolitis
**[[Bronchiolitis]]
**Reactive airway disease
**Reactive airway disease
**Choanal atresia
**[[Choanal atresia]]
**Laryngomalacia
**[[Laryngomalacia]]
**Vocal cord paralysis
**Vocal cord paralysis
**Tracheal stenosis
**Tracheal stenosis
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**Hemangioma
**Hemangioma
*Metabolic abnormalities
*Metabolic abnormalities
**Polycythemia
**[[Polycythemia]]
**Methemoglobinemia
**[[Methemoglobinemia]]


===Adults===
===Adults===
*Hypoxia<ref>Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP. Cyanosis. [Updated 2021 Sep 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482247/</ref>
*Hypoxia<ref>Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP. Cyanosis. [Updated 2021 Sep 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482247/</ref>
*Hypopnea / Hypoventilation
*Hypopnea / Hypoventilation
*Pneumonia
*[[Pneumonia]]
*Valvular heart disease
*Valvular heart disease
*ASD / VSD
*ASD / VSD
*Pulmonary embolism / DVT
*[[Pulmonary embolism]] / [[DVT]]
*Myocardial infarction
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*Vascular disease
*Vascular disease
*Pulmonary HTN
*[[Pulmonary HTN]]
*COPD
*[[COPD]]
*Pneumothorax
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*Hypoperfusion
*Hypoperfusion
*CHF
*[[CHF]]
*Methemoglobinemia
*Methemoglobinemia
*Polycythemia
*Polycythemia
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*Raynauds
*Raynauds
*Administration of methylene blue
*Administration of methylene blue
<hr>
 
==Clinical Features==
[[File:Cyanotic neonate.jpg|thumb|Cyanotic neonate from cardiac pathology. Note purple nailbeds.]]
[[File:Cynosis.jpg|thumb|Cyanosis of the distal fingers in a patient with low oxygen saturation.]]
*Faintly or frankly bluish or ashen discoloration typically of the nailbeds, lips, mouth, earlobes due to a high concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin
 
==Differential Diagnosis==
 
 
==Evaluation==
===Workup===
 
===Diagnosis===
*Subtypes
**Acrocyanosis - cyanosis of the palms, soles, fingers and/or toes; it can be a normal finding due to, for instance, peripheral vasoconstriction due to cold or the result of pathology like peripheral vascular disease
**Central cyanosis - cyanosis of the trunk, head, and/or mouth that is never normal
 
==Management==
 
 
==Disposition==
 
 
==See Also==
 
 
==External Links==
 
 
==References==
<references/>
 
[[Category:Symptoms]]

Latest revision as of 14:45, 25 November 2021

Background

Definition

  • Faintly or frankly bluish or ashen discoloration typically of the nailbeds, lips, mouth, earlobes due to a high concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin

Causes

Neonates / Infants

Adults

Clinical Features

Cyanotic neonate from cardiac pathology. Note purple nailbeds.
Cyanosis of the distal fingers in a patient with low oxygen saturation.
  • Faintly or frankly bluish or ashen discoloration typically of the nailbeds, lips, mouth, earlobes due to a high concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin

Differential Diagnosis

Evaluation

Workup

Diagnosis

  • Subtypes
    • Acrocyanosis - cyanosis of the palms, soles, fingers and/or toes; it can be a normal finding due to, for instance, peripheral vasoconstriction due to cold or the result of pathology like peripheral vascular disease
    • Central cyanosis - cyanosis of the trunk, head, and/or mouth that is never normal

Management

Disposition

See Also

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Steinhorn RH. Evaluation and management of the cyanotic neonate. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2008 Sep;9(3):169-175. doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2008.06.006. PMID: 19727322; PMCID: PMC2598396
  2. ↑ Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP. Cyanosis. [Updated 2021 Sep 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482247/
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