Genitourinary trauma: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Blausen 0592 KidneyAnatomy 01.png|thumb|Renal anatomy.]] | [[File:Blausen 0592 KidneyAnatomy 01.png|thumb|Renal anatomy.]] | ||
[[File:PMC5265200 13244 2016 536 Fig1 HTML.png|thumb|Perinephric space with exaggerated pararenal space to show retroperitoneal structures. Perinephric bridging septa are seen between the left kidney and the adjacent renal fascia.]] | [[File:PMC5265200 13244 2016 536 Fig1 HTML.png|thumb|Perinephric space with exaggerated pararenal space to show retroperitoneal structures. Perinephric bridging septa are seen between the left kidney and the adjacent renal fascia.]] | ||
*Typically divided into: | |||
**Upper tract injuries (kidney + ureter) | |||
**Lower tract Injuries (bladder + urethra + genitalia) | |||
===Upper | ==Clinical Features== | ||
*Majority of blunt trauma injuries present with hematuria | ===Upper tract injury=== | ||
*Majority of blunt trauma injuries present with [[hematuria]] | |||
*Renal pedicle injuries and penetrating injuries to ureter may not cause hematuria | *Renal pedicle injuries and penetrating injuries to ureter may not cause hematuria | ||
*Renal injuries are associated with flank hematoma, lower rib fracture, penetrating wounds to flanks | *Renal injuries are associated with flank hematoma, lower rib fracture, penetrating wounds to flanks | ||
===Lower | ===Lower tract injury=== | ||
*Often | *Often accompanied by signs of [[pelvic fracture]] | ||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
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****Deceleration injuries even with no hematuria | ****Deceleration injuries even with no hematuria | ||
****Multiple trauma patient | ****Multiple trauma patient | ||
===Diagnosis=== | |||
*CT with IV contrast is the gold standard in assessing renal and GU trauma | *CT with IV contrast is the gold standard in assessing renal and GU trauma | ||
**More sensitive and specific than IVP, ultrasound, or angiography | **More sensitive and specific than IVP, ultrasound, or angiography | ||
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**Exception to using IVP over CT is perioperatively in unstable patients requiring immediate operation for other injuries | **Exception to using IVP over CT is perioperatively in unstable patients requiring immediate operation for other injuries | ||
**Note, CT A/P with IV contrast NOT sensitive enough for [[bladder trauma|bladder rupture]], requires CT cystography | **Note, CT A/P with IV contrast NOT sensitive enough for [[bladder trauma|bladder rupture]], requires CT cystography | ||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
Latest revision as of 17:16, 3 May 2023
Background
- Typically divided into:
- Upper tract injuries (kidney + ureter)
- Lower tract Injuries (bladder + urethra + genitalia)
Clinical Features
Upper tract injury
- Majority of blunt trauma injuries present with hematuria
- Renal pedicle injuries and penetrating injuries to ureter may not cause hematuria
- Renal injuries are associated with flank hematoma, lower rib fracture, penetrating wounds to flanks
Lower tract injury
- Often accompanied by signs of pelvic fracture
Differential Diagnosis
Genitourinary Trauma
- Urinary system
- Genital
- Other
- Child abuse
- Pelvic fracture (often accompanies)
- Sexual assault
Abdominal Trauma
- Abdominal compartment syndrome
- Diaphragmatic trauma
- Duodenal hematoma
- Genitourinary trauma
- Liver trauma
- Pelvic fractures
- Retroperitoneal hemorrhage
- Renal trauma
- Splenic trauma
- Trauma in pregnancy
- Ureter trauma
Evaluation
Workup
- Who to image?
- Penetrating Trauma
- Any degree of hematuria
- Blunt Trauma
- Gross hematuria
- Hypotension and any degree of hematuria
- Child with >50rbc/HPF
- High index of suspicion for renal trauma
- Deceleration injuries even with no hematuria
- Multiple trauma patient
- Penetrating Trauma
Diagnosis
- CT with IV contrast is the gold standard in assessing renal and GU trauma
- More sensitive and specific than IVP, ultrasound, or angiography
- However, can miss significant injuries to the renal pelvis, collecting system and ureter given CT generally obtained before contrast is excreted in the urine.
- If initial CT shows high grade renal injury (grade IV of V), UPJ injury, or concern for ureteral injury, should obtain additional 10 minute delayed CT[1][2]
- Exception to using IVP over CT is perioperatively in unstable patients requiring immediate operation for other injuries
- Note, CT A/P with IV contrast NOT sensitive enough for bladder rupture, requires CT cystography