Ankle fracture: Difference between revisions

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==Malleolar Fractures==
{{Adult top}} [[ankle fracture (peds)]]
==Background==
[[File:Weber Classification - latin.png|thumb|Danis–Weber classification of ankle fractures (Types A, B and C).]]


==Clinical Features==
*Examine for ecchymoses, abrasions, or swelling
*Vascular and neurologic assessment
**DP and PT pulses
**4 sensation distributions: saphenous nerve (medial mal), superficial fib (lat mal), sural nerve (lateral 5th digit), deep fib (1st web space)
*Note skin integrity and areas of tenderness or crepitus over ankle
*Range joint passively and actively to evaluate for stability
*Examine joints above and below the ankle
*Perform anterior drawer test (positive exam suggests torn ATFL)
*'''Always palpate entire length of fibula to rule-out [[Maisonneuve Fracture]] (fibulotibialis ligament tear)'''
**Perform a crossed-leg test to detect syndesmotic injury
*Evaluate integrity of Achilles tendon ([[Achilles Tendon Rupture#Clinical Features|Thompson test]])
*Palpate midfoot and base of 5th metatarsal for tenderness


* Isolated Malleolar
==Differential Diagnosis==
* Stable if displaced <2mm, joint surface involvement <25%, and no contralateral or syndesmotic injury
{{Other ankle injuries DDX}}
* Medial Malleolus Fx
* Is it really isolated? (frequently associated with lateral or posterior injuries)
* Posterior Malleolus Fx
* Usually occurs in association w/ post. tibiofibular ligament injury / fibular fx
* Rarely occurs in isolation!
* Bimalleolar
*  Lateral + medial malleoli fx
* Unstable
* Trimalleolar
* Lateral + medial + posterior malleoli fx
* Requires surgical stabilization
== ==


{{Distal leg fractures DDX}}


==Imaging==
{{Foot and toe fractures DDX}}


==Evaluation==
[[File:Danis–Weber classification on X-ray.jpg|thumb|Danis–Weber classification on X-ray.]]
[[File:WeberARadiopediaOB.jpg|thumb|Weber A Oblique]]
[[File:WeberBRadiopedOB.jpg|thumb|Weber B Oblique]]
[[File:WeberBAPMedp.jpg|thumb|Weber B AP]]
[[File:WeberCOBMedp.jpg|thumb|Weber C Oblique]]
[[File:WeberCAPMedp.jpg|thumb|Weber C AP]]


* Ottawa Ankle Rules  
*[[Ottawa Ankle Rules]] (sen 96-99% for excluding fracture)
* 3 views:
*3 views:
* AP - Best for isolated lateral and medial malleolar fractures
**AP: Best for isolated lateral and medial malleolar fractures
* Oblique (mortise) - Best for evaluating for unstable fracture or soft tissue injury
**Oblique (mortise)
* at a point 1cm proximal to the articular surface of the tibia the space between the tib/fib should be ≤6cm
***Best for evaluating for unstable fracture or soft tissue injury
* Lateral - Best for posterior malleolar fractures
***At a point 1 cm proximal to tibial plafond space between tib/fib should be ≤6mm
**Lateral: Best for posterior malleolar fractures
*Consider proximal tib/fib films and talus fractures


==Classification==
===Classification (Danis-Weber System)===
[[File:WeberclassRadioped.jpg|thumb|]]
*System based on level of the fibular fracture and characterizes stability of fracture
*Tibial plafond and the two malleoli is referred to as the ankle "mortise" (or talar mortise)


====Type A====
*Fibula fracture below ankle joint/distal to plafond
**Medial malleolus often fractured
**Tibiofibular syndesmosis intact
**Usually stable: occasionally requires ORIF


Danis-Weber system:
====Type B====
*Fibula fracture at the level of the ankle joint/at the plafond
**Can extend superiorly and laterally up fibula
**Tibiofibular syndesmosis intact or only partially torn
**No widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation
**Medial malleolus may be fracture
**Possible instability
***Use gravity or weight bearing stress X-rays to determine stability <ref>Tips for Managing Weber B Ankle Fractures By Joseph Noack, MD; and Spencer Tomberg, MD. ACEP Now April 14, 2020 https://www.acepnow.com/article/tips-for-managing-weber-b-ankle-fractures/?singlepage=1</ref>


type A-fibular Fx at or below the joint line without syndesmotic involvement.
====Type C====
*Fibula fracture above the level of the ankle joint/proximal to plafond
**Tibiofibular syndesmosis disrupted with widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation
**Medial malleolus fracture
**Unstable: requires ORIF


type B-fib Fx at joint level with partial syndesmotic ligament injury.
==Management & Disposition==
{{General Fracture Management}}


type C-fibular Fx above the joint level and complete syndesmotic disruption.
===General Ankle Fracture===
*Determined by stability of fracture:
**Stable, nondisplaced, isolated malleolar fracture: Splint or cast, early wt bearing, RICE
**Unstable or displaced fracture: Requires ORIF, ortho consult, reduce and splint


C-diaphyseal (Dupuytren Fx) or proximal fibular Fx (maissoneuve).
===Isolated lateral malleolar fracture===
*If stable (see Weber classification) treat like severe [[Ankle Sprain]]
*Signs of instability:
**Displacement >3mm
**Associated medial malleolus fracture
**Signs of medial (deltoid) ligament disruption such as medial swelling, ecchymosis, or TTP
**Widening of medial clear space (suggests deltoid ligament injury)  


===Isolated medial or posterior malleolar fracture===
 
*Must rule-out other injuries  
fracture types:
*If non-displaced, isolated:  
 
**[[Short-Leg Posterior Splint]] (ankle at 90<sup>o</sup>)  
lateral malleolar-Tx depends on type A, B, or C
**Non-weight bearing  
 
**Refer to Ortho in 5-7d
A-splinting in ED, 6-8 weeks in cast.NWB for three weeks.
 
B-often requires a surgical repair.
 
 
C-surgery usually required.
 
 
 
==Disposition==
 
 
* Emergent
* Open fracture
* Fx/dislocation with vascular compromise
* Fx/dislocation with significant tenting of the skin
* Recommended (pt often admitted for repair)
* Tillaux/triplane fractures
* Intrarticular fractures with displacement
* Pilon fractures (reduce if ortho unavailable)
* Trimalleolar fractures
* Maisonneuve Fx
* Any Fx with significant disruption of mortise
* Recommended (phone is ok)
* Bimalleolar Fx
* Minimally displaced medial or lateral malleolar Fx
 
==Management==
 
 
* Lateral malleolar Fx
* Stable - >90% have good clinical result
* Treat like severe ankle sprain
* Unstable = displacement >2mm, medial fx, or medial ligament disruption
* Medial tenderness indicates need for stress xrays to determine degree of instability
*  Medial or posterior malleolar Fx
* Must confirm no other injuries!
* If non-displaced, isolated:
* Short-leg posterior splint (ankle at 90o)
* Non-weight bearing
* Refer in 5-7 days
* Lateral malleolar fx with deltoid injury OR bimalleolar OR trimalleolar fx
* Short-leg posterior splint (ankle at 90o)
* Refer within few days for surgical intervention
 
==Complications==
 
 
* Nerve damage
* Peroneal nerve (lateral ankle injury)
* Weak foot dorsiflexion
* Tibial nerve (medial ankle injury)
* Compartment syndrome
* Nonunion or malunion
* Fracture blister/skin necrosis
== ==


===Lateral malleolar fracture with deltoid injury OR bimalleolar OR trimalleolar fracture===
[[File:Bimalleolar fracture legend.jpg|thumb|Bimalleolar fracture and right ankle dislocation on X-ray (anteroposterior). Both the end of the fibula (1) and the tibia (2) are broken and the malleolar fragments (arrow: medial malleolus, arrowhead: lateral malleolus) are displaced.]]
*[[Short-Leg Posterior Splint]] (ankle at 90<sup>o</sup>)
*Immediate reduction or ortho consult in ED


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Ankle (Main)]]
*[[Ankle Sprain]]
*[[Ankle Fracture (Peds)]]
*[[Ottawa Ankle Rules]]
*[[Maisonneuve Fracture]]
*[[Pilon Fracture]]
*[[Fracture (Main)]]
*[[Splinting]]


==External Links==
*http://radiopaedia.org/articles/weber_ankle_fracture_classification (Images by Dr. Frank Gaillard; CC SA NC BY licence)
*Ottawa Ankle Rules - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=12595378


Ortho:  Maisonneuve
==References==
 
<references/>
Ortho:  Pilon Fx
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
 
Ortho:  Ankle (Ottowa)
 
Ortho:  Ankle (Sprain)
 
 
 
 
[[Category:Ortho]]

Latest revision as of 22:50, 5 March 2025

This page is for adult patients. For pediatric patients, see: ankle fracture (peds)

Background

Danis–Weber classification of ankle fractures (Types A, B and C).

Clinical Features

  • Examine for ecchymoses, abrasions, or swelling
  • Vascular and neurologic assessment
    • DP and PT pulses
    • 4 sensation distributions: saphenous nerve (medial mal), superficial fib (lat mal), sural nerve (lateral 5th digit), deep fib (1st web space)
  • Note skin integrity and areas of tenderness or crepitus over ankle
  • Range joint passively and actively to evaluate for stability
  • Examine joints above and below the ankle
  • Perform anterior drawer test (positive exam suggests torn ATFL)
  • Always palpate entire length of fibula to rule-out Maisonneuve Fracture (fibulotibialis ligament tear)
    • Perform a crossed-leg test to detect syndesmotic injury
  • Evaluate integrity of Achilles tendon (Thompson test)
  • Palpate midfoot and base of 5th metatarsal for tenderness

Differential Diagnosis

Other Ankle Injuries

Distal Leg Fracture Types

Foot and Toe Fracture Types

Hindfoot

Midfoot

Forefoot

Evaluation

Danis–Weber classification on X-ray.
Weber A Oblique
Weber B Oblique
Weber B AP
Weber C Oblique
Weber C AP
  • Ottawa Ankle Rules (sen 96-99% for excluding fracture)
  • 3 views:
    • AP: Best for isolated lateral and medial malleolar fractures
    • Oblique (mortise)
      • Best for evaluating for unstable fracture or soft tissue injury
      • At a point 1 cm proximal to tibial plafond space between tib/fib should be ≤6mm
    • Lateral: Best for posterior malleolar fractures
  • Consider proximal tib/fib films and talus fractures

Classification (Danis-Weber System)

WeberclassRadioped.jpg
  • System based on level of the fibular fracture and characterizes stability of fracture
  • Tibial plafond and the two malleoli is referred to as the ankle "mortise" (or talar mortise)

Type A

  • Fibula fracture below ankle joint/distal to plafond
    • Medial malleolus often fractured
    • Tibiofibular syndesmosis intact
    • Usually stable: occasionally requires ORIF

Type B

  • Fibula fracture at the level of the ankle joint/at the plafond
    • Can extend superiorly and laterally up fibula
    • Tibiofibular syndesmosis intact or only partially torn
    • No widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation
    • Medial malleolus may be fracture
    • Possible instability
      • Use gravity or weight bearing stress X-rays to determine stability [1]

Type C

  • Fibula fracture above the level of the ankle joint/proximal to plafond
    • Tibiofibular syndesmosis disrupted with widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation
    • Medial malleolus fracture
    • Unstable: requires ORIF

Management & Disposition

General Fracture Management

General Ankle Fracture

  • Determined by stability of fracture:
    • Stable, nondisplaced, isolated malleolar fracture: Splint or cast, early wt bearing, RICE
    • Unstable or displaced fracture: Requires ORIF, ortho consult, reduce and splint

Isolated lateral malleolar fracture

  • If stable (see Weber classification) treat like severe Ankle Sprain
  • Signs of instability:
    • Displacement >3mm
    • Associated medial malleolus fracture
    • Signs of medial (deltoid) ligament disruption such as medial swelling, ecchymosis, or TTP
    • Widening of medial clear space (suggests deltoid ligament injury)

Isolated medial or posterior malleolar fracture

  • Must rule-out other injuries
  • If non-displaced, isolated:

Lateral malleolar fracture with deltoid injury OR bimalleolar OR trimalleolar fracture

Bimalleolar fracture and right ankle dislocation on X-ray (anteroposterior). Both the end of the fibula (1) and the tibia (2) are broken and the malleolar fragments (arrow: medial malleolus, arrowhead: lateral malleolus) are displaced.

See Also

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Tips for Managing Weber B Ankle Fractures By Joseph Noack, MD; and Spencer Tomberg, MD. ACEP Now April 14, 2020 https://www.acepnow.com/article/tips-for-managing-weber-b-ankle-fractures/?singlepage=1
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