Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 11:11, 8 December 2014

Progressive muscle atrophy/weakness due to degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons
Patients will rarely present to the ED undiagnosed
Likely related to mutated superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene

Acute respiratory failure
- Predicted by forced VC <25 mL/kg or 50% decrease from normal
Aspiration pneumonia
Trauma related to extremity weakness

Neuromuscular weakness
- Upper motor neuron:
  - CVA
  - Hemorrhagic stroke
  - Multiple sclerosis
  - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (upper and lower motor neuron)
- Lower motor neuron:
  - Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's syndrome)
- Spinal cord disease:
  - Infection (Epidural abscess)
  - Infarction/ischemia
  - Trauma (Spinal Cord Syndromes)
  - Inflammation (Transverse Myelitis)
    - Acute flaccid myelitis
  - Degenerative (Spinal muscular atrophy)
  - Tumor
- Peripheral nerve disease:
  - Guillain-Barre syndrome
  - Toxins (Ciguatera)
  - Tick paralysis
  - Diabetic peripheral neuropathy
- Neuromuscular junction disease:
- Muscle disease:
  - Rhabdomyolysis
  - Dermatomyositis
  - Polymyositis
  - Alcoholic myopathy
Non-neuromuscular weakness
- Can't miss diagnoses:
  - ACS
  - Arrhythmia/Syncope
  - Severe infection/Sepsis
  - Hypoglycemia
  - Periodic paralysis (electrolyte disturbance, K, Mg, Ca)
    - Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
    - Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
  - Respiratory failure
- Emergent Diagnoses:
  - Symptomatic Anemia
  - Severe dehydration
  - Hypothyroidism
  - Polypharmacy
  - Malignancy
  - Aortic disease - occlusion, stenosis, dissection
- Other causes of weakness and paralysis
  - Acute intermittent porphyria (ascending weakness)

Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 7e (2010), Chapter 167. Chronic Neurologic Disorders

Authors:

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 *Aspiration [[Pneumonia (Main)|pneumonia]]
 *Trauma related to extremity weakness
+==Differential Diagnosis==
+{{Weakness DDX}}
 ==Management==