Hypokalemia: Difference between revisions
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==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
[[File:Hypokalemia.png|thumb|Differential diagnosis of hypokalemia]] | [[File:Hypokalemia.png|thumb|Differential diagnosis of hypokalemia]] | ||
===Shift=== | ===Intracellular Shift=== | ||
*Alkalosis (each 0.10 rise in pH causes 0.5 decrease) | *Alkalosis (each 0.10 rise in pH causes 0.5 decrease) | ||
*[[Insulin]] | *[[Insulin]] | ||
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===Decreased intake=== | ===Decreased intake=== | ||
*Special diets or those low in potassium | *Special diets or those low in potassium | ||
*Chronic alcohol abuse | |||
===Increased loss=== | ===Increased loss=== | ||
*GI | *GI | ||
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**Normal = 3.5-5meq/L | **Normal = 3.5-5meq/L | ||
**Severe hypokalemia = <2.5meq/L | **Severe hypokalemia = <2.5meq/L | ||
*Always check magnesium | |||
*Suggestive ECG findings: | *Suggestive ECG findings: | ||
**[[ST segment depression]] | **[[ST segment depression]] | ||
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**Side effects: Local tissue burning, phelbitis, sclerosis | **Side effects: Local tissue burning, phelbitis, sclerosis | ||
*Also treat [[Hypomagnesemia]] if present | *Also treat [[Hypomagnesemia]] if present | ||
*Re-check ECG after treatment <ref>Slovis, Corey. "Electrolyte Emergencies". Presentation.</ref> | |||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:FEN]] | [[Category:FEN]] | ||
Revision as of 23:10, 16 September 2016
Background
Clinical Features
- CNS
- Weakness
- Cramps
- Hyporeflexia
- GI
- Renal
- CV
- PACs/PVCs
- Bradycardia or atrial/junctional tachycardia
- AV block
- Ventricular tachycardia, Ventricular fibrillation
Differential Diagnosis
Intracellular Shift
- Alkalosis (each 0.10 rise in pH causes 0.5 decrease)
- Insulin
- B-agonist
Decreased intake
- Special diets or those low in potassium
- Chronic alcohol abuse
Increased loss
- GI
- Vomiting, diarrhea, fistula
- Renal
- Diuretics
- Hyperaldo
- Exercise
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypomagnesemia
Drugs
- Penicillins
- Lithium
- L-dopa
- Theophyline
Evaluation
- Serum potassium level is diagnostic
- Normal = 3.5-5meq/L
- Severe hypokalemia = <2.5meq/L
- Always check magnesium
- Suggestive ECG findings:
Management
- Potassium repletion (PO or IV)
- Every 10mEq KCl → serum K ↑ ~0.1mEq/L
- PO preferred (if symptomatic or level is <2.5, both oral and IV should be given)
- Oral potassium
- Inexpensive and rapidly absorbed
- KCl tablet (elixir form available but has poor taste)
- K-Dur (extended release tablet) is large and may be difficult to swallow
- Intravenous potassium
- Must be given in dilute solutions at slow rate (10meq/hour) to minimize side effects and cardiac toxicity
- Generally should not give more than 40mEq via IV
- Side effects: Local tissue burning, phelbitis, sclerosis
- Also treat Hypomagnesemia if present
- Re-check ECG after treatment [1]
Disposition
- Based on underlying cause
See Also
External Links
References
- ↑ Slovis, Corey. "Electrolyte Emergencies". Presentation.