Intubation: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
(29 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
*Combative patient who needs imaging (suspicion of intracranial process, etc) | *Combative patient who needs imaging (suspicion of intracranial process, etc) | ||
==Considerations== | ==Considerations== | ||
*2015 AHA ACLS guidelines deemphasize placement of '''advanced airway''' placement in ''initial resuscitation'' | *2015 AHA ACLS guidelines deemphasize placement of '''advanced airway''' placement in '''''initial resuscitation''''' | ||
*Out-of-hospital arrest data suggests lower survival of those intubated in field<ref>Hasegawa K et al. Association of prehospital advanced airway management with neurologic outcome and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 2013 Jan 16; 309:257.</ref> | *Out-of-hospital arrest data suggests lower survival of those intubated in field<ref>Hasegawa K et al. Association of prehospital advanced airway management with neurologic outcome and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 2013 Jan 16; 309:257.</ref> | ||
*108,000 patients examined in U.S. registry of inpatient hospital arrests, with 95% of intubations occurring within 15 min of resuscitation<ref>Angus DC.Whether to intubate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Conventional wisdom vs big data. JAMA 2017 Feb 7; 317:477.</ref> | *108,000 patients examined in U.S. registry of inpatient hospital arrests, with 95% of intubations occurring within 15 min of resuscitation<ref>Angus DC.Whether to intubate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Conventional wisdom vs big data. JAMA 2017 Feb 7; 317:477.</ref> | ||
Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
==Absolute Contraindications== | ==Absolute Contraindications== | ||
*No absolute contraindications when performed as an emergent procedure | *No absolute contraindications when performed as an emergent procedure | ||
**Exception: cannot ventilate and anticipate near impossible orotracheal intubation, strongly consider surgical airway | |||
==Relative Contraindications | ==Relative Contraindications== | ||
''See [[Predicting the difficult airway]]'' | |||
{{Difficult BVM}} | {{Difficult BVM}} | ||
Line 27: | Line 29: | ||
==Equipment Needed== | ==Equipment Needed== | ||
[[File:Normal Epiglottis.jpg|thumb|Normal intubation view.]] | |||
*Medications | *Medications | ||
**Induction agent | **Induction agent | ||
Line 33: | Line 36: | ||
**Direct laryngoscope with blade of provider's choice '''or''' | **Direct laryngoscope with blade of provider's choice '''or''' | ||
**Video laryngoscope (Glidescope, C-Mac, KingVision, etc.) '''or''' | **Video laryngoscope (Glidescope, C-Mac, KingVision, etc.) '''or''' | ||
**Fiberoptic device | **Optical stylet (Shikani, Levitan, etc.) '''or''' | ||
**Fiberoptic device | |||
*Endotracheal tube | *Endotracheal tube | ||
*End-tidal CO2 device (colorimetric or quantitative) | *End-tidal CO2 device (colorimetric or quantitative) | ||
Line 42: | Line 46: | ||
*[[OPA]]/NPA | *[[OPA]]/NPA | ||
*Method of preoxygenation (NC, NRB, C-PAP, etc) | *Method of preoxygenation (NC, NRB, C-PAP, etc) | ||
*Nasal cannula for apneic oxygenation | *Nasal cannula for [[apneic oxygenation]] | ||
== | ==SOAP-ME Checklist Mnemonic== | ||
*'''S'''uction | |||
*'''O'''xygen | |||
**Nasal cannula | |||
**Non-rebreather | |||
**Bag-valve mask | |||
*'''A'''irways | |||
**Endotracheal tube | |||
**Rescue devices | |||
**Adjuncts | |||
*'''P'''ositioning | |||
*'''M'''edications | |||
*'''E'''quipment | |||
**Laryngoscope | |||
**EtCO2 | |||
**Bougie | |||
==Post-Procedure== | |||
[[File:ETtubeGoodPosition.png|thumb|An endotracheal tube in good position on CXR. Arrow marks the tip.]] | |||
[[File:ETtubeToHigh.png|thumb|An endotracheal tube not deep enough. Arrow marks the tip.]] | |||
{{Initial ventilation settings table}} | {{Initial ventilation settings table}} | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
[[ | *[[The difficult airway]] | ||
==Special Situations== | ==Special Situations== | ||
Line 76: | Line 98: | ||
#**Increases LES tone | #**Increases LES tone | ||
#Intubate with HOB at 45° | #Intubate with HOB at 45° | ||
#Preoxygenate! | #Preoxygenate! | ||
#*Want to avoid bagging if possible | #*Want to avoid bagging if possible | ||
Line 85: | Line 106: | ||
#*Bag gently and slowly (10BPM) | #*Bag gently and slowly (10BPM) | ||
#*Consider placing LMA | #*Consider placing LMA | ||
#If patient vomits | #If patient vomits | ||
#*Place in Trendelenberg | |||
#*Place LMA | |||
#*Use meconium aspirator | |||
#If patient aspirates anticipate a sepsis-like syndrome | #If patient aspirates anticipate a sepsis-like syndrome | ||
#*May need pressors, additional fluid (not antibiotic!) | #*May need [[pressors]], additional fluid (not antibiotic!) | ||
==Video== | |||
{{#widget:YouTube|id=99X2-a4mdxc}} | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
*[[EBQ:Effect_of_video_laryngoscopy_on_trauma_patient_survival]] | |||
{{Related Difficult Airway Pages}} | |||
*[[EBQ:Effect_of_video_laryngoscopy_on_trauma_patient_survival | |||
{{Mechanical ventilation pages}} | {{Mechanical ventilation pages}} | ||
Revision as of 05:59, 8 May 2019
Indications
- Failure to ventilate
- Failure to oxygenate
- Inability to protect airway
- Gag reflex is absent at baseline in ~1/3 of people[1], so lack of gag reflex is inadequate in determination of ability to protect airway.
- Anticipated clinical course (anticipated deterioration, need for transport, or impending airway compromise)
- Combative patient who needs imaging (suspicion of intracranial process, etc)
Considerations
- 2015 AHA ACLS guidelines deemphasize placement of advanced airway placement in initial resuscitation
- Out-of-hospital arrest data suggests lower survival of those intubated in field[2]
- 108,000 patients examined in U.S. registry of inpatient hospital arrests, with 95% of intubations occurring within 15 min of resuscitation[3]
- Patients intubated were significantly less likely to survive to discharge, 16% vs. 19%
- Also less likely to be discharged with good functional status, 11% vs. 14%
Absolute Contraindications
- No absolute contraindications when performed as an emergent procedure
- Exception: cannot ventilate and anticipate near impossible orotracheal intubation, strongly consider surgical airway
Relative Contraindications
See Predicting the difficult airway
Difficult BVM (MOANS)
- Mask seal
- Obesity
- Aged
- No teeth
- Stiffness (resistance to ventilation)
Difficult Intubation (LEMON)
- Look externally (gestalt)
- Evaluate 3-3-2 rule
- Mallampati
- Obstruction
- Neck mobility
Equipment Needed
- Medications
- Induction agent
- Paralytic agent
- Laryngoscope (type based on clinical indication and provider preference)
- Direct laryngoscope with blade of provider's choice or
- Video laryngoscope (Glidescope, C-Mac, KingVision, etc.) or
- Optical stylet (Shikani, Levitan, etc.) or
- Fiberoptic device
- Endotracheal tube
- End-tidal CO2 device (colorimetric or quantitative)
- Ventilator
- Suction
- Intubation adjuncts (bougie, lighted stylet, etc)
- BVM
- OPA/NPA
- Method of preoxygenation (NC, NRB, C-PAP, etc)
- Nasal cannula for apneic oxygenation
SOAP-ME Checklist Mnemonic
- Suction
- Oxygen
- Nasal cannula
- Non-rebreather
- Bag-valve mask
- Airways
- Endotracheal tube
- Rescue devices
- Adjuncts
- Positioning
- Medications
- Equipment
- Laryngoscope
- EtCO2
- Bougie
Post-Procedure
Initial ventilation settings
Disease | Tidal Volume (mL/kg^) | Respiratory Rate | I:E | PEEP | FiO2 |
Traditional | 8 | 10-12 | 1:2 | 5 | 100% |
Lung Protective (e.g. ARDS) | 6 | 12-20 | 1:2 | 2-15 | 100% |
Obstructive (e.g. bronchoconstriction) | 6 | 5-8 | 1:4 | 0-5 | 100% |
Hypovolemic | 8 | 10-12 | 1:2 | 0-5 | 100% |
Complications
Special Situations
Severe Metabolic Acidosis
Further drop in pH during intubation can be catastrophic
- NIV (SIMV Vt 550, FiO2 100%, Flow Rate 30 LPM, PSV 5-10, PEEP 5, RR 0)
- SIMV on ventilator, not NIV machine
- "Pseudo-SIMV" mode
- Attach end-tidal CO2 and observe value
- Push RSI medications
- Turn the respiratory rate to 12
- Perform jaw thrust
- Wait 45sec
- Intubate
- Re-attach the ventilator
- Immediately increase rate to 30
- Change Vt to 8cc/kg
- Change flow rate to 60 LPM (normal setting)
- Make sure end-tidal CO2 is at least as low as before
Active GI Bleed
- Empty the stomach
- Place an NG and suction out blood
- Varices are not a contraindication
- Metoclopramide 10mg IV
- Increases LES tone
- Place an NG and suction out blood
- Intubate with HOB at 45°
- Preoxygenate!
- Want to avoid bagging if possible
- Intubation meds
- Use sedative that is BP stable (etomidate, ketamine)
- Use paralytics (actually increases LES tone)
- If need to bag:
- Bag gently and slowly (10BPM)
- Consider placing LMA
- If patient vomits
- Place in Trendelenberg
- Place LMA
- Use meconium aspirator
- If patient aspirates anticipate a sepsis-like syndrome
- May need pressors, additional fluid (not antibiotic!)
Video
{{#widget:YouTube|id=99X2-a4mdxc}}
See Also
Airway Pages
- Pre-intubation
- Induction
- Intubation
- Surgical airways
- Post-intubation
Mechanical Ventilation Pages
- Noninvasive ventilation
- Intubation
- Mechanical ventilation (main)
- Miscellaneous
External Links
References
- ↑ Davies AE, Kidd D, Stone SP, MacMahon J. Pharyngeal sensation and gag reflex in healthy subjects. Lancet. 1995 Feb 25;345(8948):487-8.
- ↑ Hasegawa K et al. Association of prehospital advanced airway management with neurologic outcome and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 2013 Jan 16; 309:257.
- ↑ Angus DC.Whether to intubate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Conventional wisdom vs big data. JAMA 2017 Feb 7; 317:477.