Jaundice: Difference between revisions
 
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''For neonatal jaundice please see the [[Neonatal jaundice]] page''
==Background==
==Background==
[[File:Heme Breakdown.png|thumb|Cycle of heme breakdown and excretion.]]
*Bilirubin is end product of heme metabolism
*Bilirubin is end product of heme metabolism
**All bilirubin products in the body are initially unconjugated
*All bilirubin products in the body are initially unconjugated and is transported bound to albumin into hepatocytes t o becombined with glucuronic acid into conjugated bilirubin
**Transported from albumin into hepatocytes; combine with glucuronic acid into conj bili
*Conjugated bilirubin is then excreted into biliary tract
***Excreted into biliary tract in conjugated form
*Only conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble (present in urine)
*Only conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble (present in urine)
*Normal bilirubin level is <1.1, 70% unconjugated
*Normal bilirubin level is <1.1 (70% unconjugated)


===Jaundice Types===
===Jaundice Types===
*Prehepatic (overproduction)
'''Prehepatic (overproduction):'''
**Hemolysis
*[[hemolytic anemia|Hemolysis]]
**Primarily unconj bili
*Primarily unconjugated bili
*Hepatic (inadequate processing)
'''Hepatic (inadequate processing):'''
**Viral, alcohol, toxin
*[[viral hepatitis|Viral]], [[alcoholic hepatitis|alcohol]], toxin
**Primarily unconjugated bili
*Primarily unconjugated bili
*Posthepatic (underexcretion)
'''Posthepatic (underexcretion):'''
**Pancreatic tumor, choledocholithiasis
*Pancreatic tumor, [[choledocholithiasis]]
**Primarily conjugated bili
*Primarily conjugated bili


===Liver Function Tests===
==Clinical Features==
[[File:Jaundice08.jpg|thumb|Jaundice of the skin]]
[[File:Jaundice.jpg|thumb|Pediatric jaundice with icterus of sclera.]]
*Yellow skin, sclera
*+/- dark urine
 
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{Jaundice DDX}}
 
==Evaluation==
[[File:Evaluation of Hyperbilirubinemia.png|thumb|Evaluation algorithm]]
[[File:Ddx for jaundice by labs.gif|right|550px|Lab test for jaundice]]
*Urine pregnancy
*CBC
*Chemistry
*[[LFTs]]
**Hepatocyte injury: AST, ALT, alk phos
**Hepatocyte catabolic activity: Bilirubin
*[[liver disease induced coagulopathy|Coags]]
**Hepatocyte synthetic function
*Albumin
**Hepatocyte synthetic function
*Ammonia
**Hepatocyte catabolic activity
*[[viral hepatitis|Acute hepatitis panel]]
*Lipase
*[[Urinalysis]]
*?[[RUQ ultrasound|US]] vs. CT vs MRCP
*?Retic count
*?Haptoglobin/LDH
*?APAP/ASA/Utox/ETOH
 
===[[Liver function tests]]===
====Transaminases====
====Transaminases====
*Transaminases  in hundreds associated with mild injury; thousands suggests extensive injury
*Transaminases  in hundreds associated with mild injury; thousands suggests extensive injury
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*Moderate elevations are seen in all hepatocellular disorders and cirrhosis
*Moderate elevations are seen in all hepatocellular disorders and cirrhosis
*Hemolysis results in elevation of LDH and unconjugated bili
*Hemolysis results in elevation of LDH and unconjugated bili
====Ammonia====
====[[hyperammonemia|Ammonia]]====
*Elevation does NOT correlate with acute worsening of hepatic function in cirrhotic patient
*Elevation does NOT correlate with acute worsening of hepatic function in cirrhotic patient
*Serves as marker of generalized decline than as diagnostic tool or therapeutic end point
*Serves as marker of generalized decline than as diagnostic tool or therapeutic end point
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====Albumin====
====Albumin====
*Marker of synthetic function
*Marker of synthetic function
**Half-life is 3wk so less useful than PT in evaluating fulminant liver disease
**Half-life is 3 weeks so less useful than PT in evaluating fulminant liver disease
*Low levels also seen in malnutrition
*Low levels also seen in malnutrition
==Differential Diagnosis==
[[File:Classification of Hyperbilirubinemia.jpeg|thumb]]
===Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia===
*Hemolytic
**G6PD
**Drug related
**Autoimmune
*Hematoma resorption
*Infective erythropoiesis
*Gilbert's
===Direct (Conjugated) Hyperbilirubinemia===
*[[Choledocholithiasis]]
*[[Cholecystitis]]
*[[Ascending cholangitis]]
*[[AIDS]] cholangiopathy
*Stricture
*Neoplasm
**Pancreatic head
**Gallbladder
**Primary liver
**Metastatic
*Obstructing [[AAA]]
===Hepatocellular damage===
''Patient will have severely elevated AST/ALT with often normal Alkaline Phosphatase''
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
*Fulminant hepatic failure
*ETOH hepatitis
*Ischemia
*Toxins
**Isoniazide
**[[Phenytoin]]
**[[Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Toxicity|acetaminophen]]
**Ritonavir
**Halothane
**Sulronamide
*Autoimmune [[hepatitis]]
**Primary biliary cirhosis
*[[HELLP Syndrome]]
*Congestive Hepatopathy
**[[CHF]]
**[[Sepsis]] (Shock Liver)
===Pregnancy Related===
*[[HELLP Syndrome]]
*Acute fatty liver
*[[Hyperemesis gravidarum]]
*[[Cholestasis of pregnancy]]
===Transplant Related===
*Transplant rejection
*Graft-vs-host
===Pediatric Related===
*[[Inborn error of metabolism]]
*[[Neonatal jaundice]] (physiologic)
===Additional Differential Diagnosis===
*Reye's syndrome
*TPN
*[[Heatstroke]]
*Budd-Chiari (with acute ascites)
*Wilson's
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
===Masqueraders===
''Only bilirubin stains the sclera''
*[[Carotenemia]]
*Quinacrine ingestion
*Dinitrophenol, teryl (explosive chemicals)
==Diagnosis==
[[File:Evaluation of Hyperbilirubinemia.png|thumb|Evaluation algorithm]]
===Workup===
*Urine pregnancy
*CBC
*Chemistry
*LFT
**Hepatocyte injury: AST, ALT, alk phos
**Hepatocyte catabolic activity: Bilirubin
*Coags
**Hepatocyte synthetic function
*Albumin
**Hepatocyte synthetic function
*Ammonia
**Hepatocyte catabolic activity
*Acute hepatitis panel
*Lipase
*UA
*?US vs. CT
*?Retic count
*?Haptoglobin/LDH
*?APAP/ASA/Utox/ETOH


==Management==
==Management==
*Management is dependent on the diagnosis of either conjugated or unconjugated hyperblirubinemia and the severity of the elevation


==Disposition==
==Disposition==
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==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Neonatal Jaundice]]
*[[Neonatal Jaundice]]
*[[Acute Hepatitis]]
*[[Acute hepatitis]]
*[[Viral Hepatitis]]
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
*[[Acute hepatic failure]]
*[[Acute hepatic failure]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Ascites]]


==References==
==References==
<references/>


[[Category:GI]]
[[Category:GI]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]

Latest revision as of 05:59, 20 August 2022

For neonatal jaundice please see the Neonatal jaundice page

Background

Cycle of heme breakdown and excretion.
  • Bilirubin is end product of heme metabolism
  • All bilirubin products in the body are initially unconjugated and is transported bound to albumin into hepatocytes t o becombined with glucuronic acid into conjugated bilirubin
  • Conjugated bilirubin is then excreted into biliary tract
  • Only conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble (present in urine)
  • Normal bilirubin level is <1.1 (70% unconjugated)

Jaundice Types

Prehepatic (overproduction):

Hepatic (inadequate processing):

Posthepatic (underexcretion):

Clinical Features

Jaundice of the skin
Pediatric jaundice with icterus of sclera.
  • Yellow skin, sclera
  • +/- dark urine

Differential Diagnosis

Jaundice

Differential diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia.

Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia

Direct (Conjugated) Hyperbilirubinemia

Hepatocellular damage

Patient will have severely elevated AST/ALT with often normal Alkaline Phosphatase

Pregnancy Related

Transplant Related

Pediatric Related

Additional Differential Diagnosis

Masqueraders

Only bilirubin stains the sclera

  • Carotenemia
  • Quinacrine ingestion
  • Dinitrophenol, teryl (explosive chemicals)

Evaluation

Evaluation algorithm
Lab test for jaundice
  • Urine pregnancy
  • CBC
  • Chemistry
  • LFTs
    • Hepatocyte injury: AST, ALT, alk phos
    • Hepatocyte catabolic activity: Bilirubin
  • Coags
    • Hepatocyte synthetic function
  • Albumin
    • Hepatocyte synthetic function
  • Ammonia
    • Hepatocyte catabolic activity
  • Acute hepatitis panel
  • Lipase
  • Urinalysis
  • ?US vs. CT vs MRCP
  • ?Retic count
  • ?Haptoglobin/LDH
  • ?APAP/ASA/Utox/ETOH

Liver function tests

Transaminases

  • Transaminases in hundreds associated with mild injury; thousands suggests extensive injury
  • Elevations <5x normal typical of alcoholic liver disease
  • AST:ALT ratio > 2 common in acute alcoholic hepatitis (alcohol stimulates AST production)
  • May be normal in end-stage liver failure
  • ALT more specific marker of hepatocyte injury than AST

Alk phos

  • Mild to moderate elevations accompany virtually all hepatobiliary disease
  • Elevations > 4x normal suggest cholestasis

GGT

  • Elevation in setting of hepatitis suggestive of alcoholic etiology

LDH

  • Moderate elevations are seen in all hepatocellular disorders and cirrhosis
  • Hemolysis results in elevation of LDH and unconjugated bili

Ammonia

  • Elevation does NOT correlate with acute worsening of hepatic function in cirrhotic patient
  • Serves as marker of generalized decline than as diagnostic tool or therapeutic end point

Coagulation Markers (PT/PTT/INR)

  • Marker of synthetic function
  • Correlation between PT prolongation and clinical outcome in fulminant liver disease

Albumin

  • Marker of synthetic function
    • Half-life is 3 weeks so less useful than PT in evaluating fulminant liver disease
  • Low levels also seen in malnutrition

Management

  • Management is dependent on the diagnosis of either conjugated or unconjugated hyperblirubinemia and the severity of the elevation

Disposition

New Onset Jaundice Admission Criteria

  • Transaminase >1,000 IU/L
  • Tbil >10mg/dL
  • Evidence coagulopathy

See Also

References

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