Newborn resuscitation: Difference between revisions

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==Diagnosis==
==Evaluation==
===Assessment Triad===
===Assessment Triad===
*Term?
*Term?

Revision as of 05:08, 24 July 2016

Use this note for immediate after-delivery resuscitation; see neonatal resuscitation for the non-delivery related resuscitation of the newborn.

Background

Newborn Vital Signs

  • HR RR SBP^
  • >100 40-80 60-70

^<3kg (premature) SBP = 40-60

Differential Diagnosis

Newborn Problems

Evaluation

Assessment Triad

  • Term?
  • Tone?
  • Breathing or crying?
  • If yes, stay with mother for routine care
  • If no:
    • Respiration: adequacy, difficulty
    • Circulation: HR >100, palpate at umbilical base
    • Color - central cyanosis?

Apgar score

Score of 0 Score of 1 Score of 2
Appearance blue or pale all over
(central cyanosis)		 peripheral cyanosis (acrocyanosis)
body pink		 no cyanosis
body and extremities pink
Pulse absent <100 beats per minute ≥100 beats per minute
Grimace no response to stimulation grimace on suction or aggressive stimulation cry on stimulation
Activity none some flexion flexed arms and legs that resist extension
Respiration absent weak, irregular, gasping strong, lusty cry

Score at 1 minute and 5 minutes post delivery.

Management

See newborn critical care quick reference for drug doses and equipment sizes.

Resuscitation Algorithm

  1. Dry, warm, position, suction, stimulate
    • Gently dry newborn with warm towel
    • Position: neutral (sniffing position)
    • Suction: oral then nasal
      • Mouth before nose, M before N in alphabet
    • Stimulate: along spine or feet
    • Check glucose^
  2. Oxygen
    • Initial resuscitation >35 wks 21% FiO2, < 35 wks 21-30% FiO2
    • Place O2 sat monitor preductal (right hand or wrist)
    • Titrate O2 to target sat
Min of life Target sat
1 min 60-65%
2 min 65-70%
3 min 70-75%
4 min 75-80%
5 min 80-85%
10 min 85-95%
  1. Persistent cyanosis
    • Reposition and clear airway
    • Consider CPAP
  2. Ventilate (40-60 breaths/min @ 20-25 cmH20)
    • BVM (indications)
      • Apnea/gasping
      • HR <100/min
    • ET (indications); ETT size = Gest age (wks) / 10^^
      • BVM ineffective after 30s
      • Suction meconium no longer recommended
      • Laryngeal mask airway alternative
  3. Chest compressions (indications)
    • HR <60 after above x 30 sec
      • 120 events/min (cc:resp 3:1)
      • Stop when HR > 60
  4. Medications^^^
    • Epi (0.01-0.03mg/kg)
      • HR<60 despite above
      • Use only 1:10,000
    • D10W (2 mL/kg = 0.2gm/kg)
    • Nalaxone (0.1 - 0.4mg/kg)
      • In past, for opioid use <4hrs
      • No longer recommended
      • Assist ventilation as needed instead
    • NS (10 mL/kg boluses)
    • PRBC 10mL/kg if abruption with anemia
    • Dopamine drip
      • (5-20 mcg/kg/min)
    • NaHCO3 - prolonged resus
      • (1-2 meQ/kg)

Key
^Hypoglycemia (give D10W)

  • >2.5 kg = <40mg/dL
  • <2.5 kg = <30mg/dL

^^Newborn Vent Settings

  • Pressure Cycled: RR 30+, PIP 20/2 (Preemie 15/2)

^^^Umbilical vein catheterization

Airway

  • Optimize
    • Position head in sniffing position
    • Suction mouth then nose
  • Intubate
    • Indicated if patient is poorly responsive or fails BVM
    • If have time precut ET tube at 13cm mark
    • Lip placement = 6 + wt (kg)
    • Or, lip placement = measure nasal septum to tragus length (NTL) in cm + 1
    • After intubation suction trachea to prevent aspiration (if +meconium)
Tube Size / age / wt Blade Suction Catheter Insertion Depth (cm)
2.5 / <28 / <1000 Miller 0 5F or 6F 6-7
3.0 / 28-34 / 1000-2000     Miller 0 6F or 8F 7-8
3.5 / 34-38 / 2000-3000 Miller 0 8F 8-9
3.5-4.0 />38 / >3000 Miller 0-1 8F or 10F 9-10

Breathing

  • Apneic and/or bradycardic (<100 bpm)
    • Attempt tactile stimulation first
    • If unsuccessful perform BMV at 40-60 breaths/min
    • After intubation use:
      • Inflation pressure ~ 20

Circulation

  • CPR
    • Begin if despite assisted ventilation x30s HR still <60
    • 3 compressions:1 breath (total 90 compresions:30 breaths per min)

Vascular Access

  • Umbilical vein is site of choice

Volume Expansion

  • NS 10mL/kg IV or umb vein over 5-10min
  • O Rh-negative blood if abruption/anemic

Medications

  • Epinephrine
    • Indicated for asystole or HR < 60 despite CPR >30s
    • 0.01-0.03mg/kg IVP q3-5min
  • Sodium Bicarbonate
    • Helps to counteract negative inotropy/pulm HTN caused by acidosis
    • Only give once adequate ventilation is established
    • 1-2 mEq/kg of 4.2% solution (2-4 mL/kg)
  • Naloxone
    • Previously given if persistent respiratory depression AND maternal opioids within 4hr
    • No longer recommended; assist ventilations as needed until opioids wear off
    • 0.1-0.4mg/kg IV
Other
  • Delay cord clamping 30-60 seconds if able
  • Keep infant warm; heat loss leads to apnea, acidosis

Disposition

  • Admission

Withholding Resuscitation

  • Consider if:
    • <22wk or <400g
    • No signs of life after 10min of CPR

Special Problems

Cyanosis

  • Must distinguish between central and peripheral
  • Consider prostaglandin E1 0.05-0.1 mcg/kg/min for cyanotic congenital heart disease and ductus closing

Pneumothorax

  • Tension pneumothorax is highly related to subsequent ICH
    • Place 18-20ga catheter into 4th intracostal space, anterior axillary line

Hypoglycemia

  • <30-35 in preterm newborn
  • <35-40 in term newborn
  • Treatment
    • D10W 2mL/kg IV

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

  • Persistent respiratory distress with "seesaw" pattern
  • Treat via immediate intubation, OG tube placement
    • Use lowest peak inspiratory pressure that allows for adequate chest rise
  • Transfer to tertiary center with NICU and pediatric surgeon

See Also

References

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