Nephrotic syndrome

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Background

Clinical Features

Complications[1]

Differential Diagnosis

  • Primary nephrotic syndrome
    • Minimal-change, membranoproliferative
  • Secondary nephrotic syndrome
  • Classical characteristics/risk factors:
    • Minimal change disease - children, preceded by URI
    • Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - Black patients, HIV/IVDA, specific anabolic steroids
    • Membranous nephropathy - Caucasian patients - primary etiology, HBV, HCV, SLE, gold, penicillamine, malignancy
    • Type 1 MPGN - HBV, HCV
    • Type 2 MPGN - ↓ C3

Periorbital swelling

Proptosis

No proptosis

Lid Complications

Other

Evaluation

  • Urinalysis
    • Proteinuria > 3.5 g/24 hr, no hematuria
    • Spot urine protein : urine creatinine ratio of > 3 - 3.5mg/mg (300 - 350mg/mmol)
  • CBC
  • CMP
    • Pseudohyponatremia due to elevated triglycerides
    • Serum albumin < 25 g/L
  • Lipid panel, with total cholesterol > 380mg/dL (10 mmol/L)
  • ANA, C3, C4, viral hepatitis panel, HIV, SPEP, SIFE, UPEP, ANCA, free light chains, PLA2R
  • CXR (only if suspect pleural effusion / pulmonary edema)
  • Renal ultrasound

Management

Disposition

Admit

  • Severe edema
  • Pulmonary effusion or respiratory symptoms
  • Infection or thrombotic complications

Outpatient nephrology follow up

  • Mild-moderate edema

References

  • Kodner C. Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Nov 15;80(10):1129-1134.
  1. Park SJ and Shin JI. Complications of nephrotic syndrome. Korean J Pediatr. 2011 Aug; 54(8): 322–328.